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2000915*()()*1581(guild)2()(Greeksocietiesburialbenefits)(contribution)(burialclubs)(mutualinsurance)(Trenerry1926)(Bottomry)(1993Trenerry1926Vaughan1986)15311(()1973)2(1).(2)(1973)1591883615(InternationalLabourOrganizationILO)345315581570(1977)41536618WilliamGybbons4001671(JandeWitt)1693(EdmundHalley)1762(EquitableSocietyfortheAssuranceofLifeandSurvivorship)(Vaughan,1986)51994:24-26160——(collectiveclasssin)(fitofsocialremorse)——(socialism)(christiansocialism)6(Landauer,1959)7(mutualaid)(Perrin,1984a)1883(ILO,1976Perrin,1984)81850618917178981881(Landauer1959;Kohler,Zacher,&Partington1982)1611883(ILO,1976)188318841889(mutualaidfund)()()()()18831919(Perrin,1984b)1900162(wageworkersorproletariansegments)(salariedworkers)(manualworkers)(socio-occupational)19111919ILO(guaranteedright)ILO()(worker’srighttobenefit)163(socialincome)1902(FrenchSocialistParty)(Tours)(Perrin,1984b)(WilliamBeveridge)1924(insuranceforallandeverything)(Hills,JohnandHoward,1994)9(1908)()ILO19259LloydGeorge(Fraser,1984)LloydGeorge19111641933(Invalidity,Old-AgeandSurvivor’sInsurance)(Perrin,1984b)1938(1935)(Davidson,1989)(meanstest)1942(SocialInsuranceandAlliedServices)(Hills,JohnandHoward,19941994)ILO1944(IncomeSecurityRecommendation,No.67)ILOILO165(personalincomesecurity)ILO67()(long-termbenefit)(Perrin,1984c)ILO(universalprinciple)ILO2425(nationalinsurance)166Bodenheimer&Grumbach,1992(Risk)(premium)(premium)(voluntarymutualbenefitsocieties)(contribution)(menstandtogetherwiththeirfellows)()167()(OttovonBismarck)1883188418891911192719301935(SocialSecurityAct)168(Medicare)10(premium)(flatrate)1960196110169()1892189426%190915%193650%1913191411%191947%1979-198023%1883(sicknessfunds)()()1701531()1711946(contribution)1721731994—•()19731977()19731993Bodenheimer,ThomasandKevinGrumbach1992“FinancingUniversalHealthInsurance:Taxes,Premiums,andtheLessonsofSocialInsurance”,JournalofHealthPolitics,PolicyandLaw17(3):438-462.Davidson,Alexander1989TwoModelsofWelfare:TheOriginsAndDevelopmentOfTheWelfareStateInSwedenAndNewZealand,1888-1988.Stokholm:Almqvist&WilksellInternational.174Heclo,Hugh1974ModernSocailPoliticsinBritainandSweden.NewHave:YaleUniversityPress.Hills,John,JohnDitchandHowardGlennerster1994BeveridgeandSocialSecurity:AnInternationalRetros-pective.Oxford:ClarendonPress.InternationalLabourOffice1976IntroductiontoSocialSecurity:AWorkers’EducationManual.Geneva:InternationalLabourOffice.Kohler,Peter,F.Zacher,&MartinPartington1982TheEvolutionOfSocialInsurance:1881-1981.London:FrancesPrinter.Landauer,Carl1959EuropeanSocialism:AHistoryofIdeasandMovementsfromtheIndustrialRevolutiontoHilter’sSeizureofPower,Volume1,fromtheIndustrialRevolutiontotheFirstWorldWarandItsAftermath.Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress.Perrin,Guy1984a“Ahundredyearsofsocialinsurance”(Part1),LabourandSociety9(2):179-191.1984b“Ahundredyearsofsocialinsurance”(Part2),LabourandSociety9(3):297-308.1984c“Ahundredyearsofsocialinsurance”(Part3),LabourandSociety9(4):399-410.Trenerry,C.F.,B.A.,D.Sc.,andA.I.A.1926TheOriginandEarlyHistoryofInsurance,IncludingtheContractofBottomry.London:P.S.King&Son,175LTD..Vaughan,EmmettJ.1986FoundationofRiskandInsurance,4thedition.NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons.Inc.176SocialInsuranceandMutualityChingliYang*AbstractSocialinsurancewasinitiatedalittlemorethanonehundredyearsago,duringthecourseofcenturyithasbecomeoneofthemostimportantriskaversionprogramsinthehumansocieties.Thoughingeneralthesocialinsurancehasprevailed,practicesvariedamongthedevelopedaswellasthedevelopingcountries.Anythinginbetweenthesocialassistanceontheonesideandthecommercial,privateinsuranceontheothermaybedefinedassocialinsurance.Thesituationreflectsthecomplexityandflexibilityofthesocialinsuranceprograms.Thispaperproposesaframeworkofmutualhelpsinthreecategories:First,theprivatecooperativeorganizations,includingbenefitsocietiesandprivateinsurance,constituteanopen-endedcategory;secondlythesocialinsurance,acategoryexpandablebysqueezingthesocialassistance;andthirdlythesocialassistance,acategoryoflastresortwhichcouldbeminimizedbutnotavoidable.Socialinsuranceandprivatecooperativeorganizationsarebothcompetitiveandreciprocalatthesametime.Governmentsmayeitherpursuetoenhancethesocialinsuranceprogramsorstimulatethedevelopmentofprivatecooperativeorganizations.Keywords:Mutuality,SocialInsurance,BenefitSocieties,Privateinsurance,SocialAssistance*AssistantProfessor,InstituteofSociology,NanhwaUniversity177