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GNPGNPGNPGNP1960Easterly19979532001US13,00041950/6024PPPGNIUS18,000AnandandRavallion1993198585GDPPritchettandSummers(1996)1990196019855-0.230-0.4Shafik19941491960-199011.62-0.481.170.04-0.93Easterly19971960197019801990IndividualRightsandDemocracyPoliticalInstabilityandWarEducationHealthTransportandCommunicationInequalityAcrossClassandGenderBads5952319601970198019905Bads1980199995WorldBankFixedEffectModel9519801999PanelDataFixedEffectsModelPooledOLStitiititiitiititiXXvvXy,,,,,,,)(εβαεβαεβα++=+++=+++=1BiasedInconsistence6InstrumentalVariableLagtitiitiXy,1,,εβα++=−2),0(~2,σεNtitvαα8εσNi,...,1=20,...,1=2tiy,iti,1,−tiXit2GNIpercapita,PPP19801999206JohnstonandDinardo(1997)Wooldridge(2000)0),cov(≠ttXεLYGNI,PPPPRSILLMORHEACO2WATLATTELWorldDevelopmentIndicators,19972001WorldBankTaiwanStatisticalDataBook,19962001CouncilforEconomicPlanningandDevelopmentAREMOSEasterly19973SASStepwise95199018199080199950199012.21.6150.4615.790.020.320.1168.10.07464,574,01683001980199916OLS119917Barro19917WorldBank(1991),p.623954254958SASStepwise595WorldBank9519801999Easterly1997SASStepwise8EviewsPooledDataBarro1991123495Chenery197581970GNP9Basu(2001)Todaro2000,ch3.GDPGNP(humandevelopment)(comprehensivedevelopment)5Anand,SudhirandMartinRavallion,1993,“HumanDevelopmentinPoorCountries:OntheRoleofPrivateIncomesandPublicsServices,”JournalofEconomicPerspectives,7(1),pp.133-150.Barro,RobertJ.,1991,“EconomicGrowthinaCrossSectionofCountries,”TheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics,106(2),pp.407-443.Barro,RobertJ.andXavierSala-i-Martin,1995,EconomicsGrowth,McGraw-Hill,Inc.Basu,Kaushik,2001,“OntheGoalsofDevelopment,”inMeierandStiglitz(2001),p.61-83.Chenery,HollisB.andMoisesSyrquin,1975,PatternsofDevelopment:1950-1970,London:OxfordUniversityPress.Easterly,William,1997,“LifeDuringGrowth,Poverty,Environment,andGrowth,”DiscussionPaper,WorldBank.Fedderke,JohannesandRobertKlitgaard,1998,“EconomicGrowthandSocialIndicator:AnExploratoryAnalysis,”EconomicDevelopment&CulturalChange,46(3),pp.445-489.Johnston,JackandJohnDinardo,1997,EconometricMethods,FourthEdition,McGraw-Hill,Inc.Merier,GeraldM.andJosephE.Stiglitz,Editors,2001,FrontiersofDevelopmentEconomics,theFutureinPerspective,WorldBankandOxfordUniversityPress.Pritchett,LantandLawrenceH.Summers,1996,“WealthierisHealthier,”TheJournalofHumanResources,31(4),pp.841-868.Shafik,Nemat,1994,“EconomicDevelopmentandEnvironmentalQuality:AnEconometricAnalysis,”OxfordEconomicPapers,46,pp.757-73.Todaro,MichaelP.,2000,EconomicDevelopment,SeventhEditionAddisonWesleyLongman.WorldBank,1991,WorldDevelopmentReport1991.Wooldridge,JeffreyM.,2000,IntroductoryEconometrics:AModernApproach,South-WesternCollegePublishing.1998881212pp.21-401withlogarithmicfittedlineGNIpercapita,ppp(1990)2withlogarithmicfittedlineGNIpercapita,ppp(1990)3withlogarithmicfittedlineGNIpercapita,ppp(1990)4withlogarithmicfittedlineGNIpercapita,ppp(1990)5withlogarithmicfittedlineGNIpercapita,ppp(1990)6(withlogarithmicfittedline)GNIpercapita,ppp(1990)7withlogarithmicfittedlineGNIpercapita,ppp(1990)8(withlogarithmicfittedline)GNIpercapita,ppp(1990)11980-1999LnGNIFixedeffect-1-0.0116***(-5.4069)0.0064***(3.255116)-0.0248***(-6.7642)-0.2447***(-22.3008)-10.0042***(3.4794)0.0052***(5.2611)0.0032(1.2545)0.0048(0.7655)2R0.93460.83960.81160.8695F18124.72***2723.85***2691.73***882.16***953337251264515617132*10**5***1t21980-1999LnGNIFixedeffectGNI-10.0357***(3.0369)-0.0426**(-2.2436)0.0662***(3.471497)0.0432***(2.5784)-1-0.0110***(-6.6357)-0.0016(-0.8313)-0.0269***(-8.3896)-0.0491***(-8.1129)2R0.99280.91260.95070.9278F76729.23***1662.41***3776.33***2609.60***95333725554157195202*10**5***1t31980-1999LnGNIFixedeffect-1/0.0962***(10.1412)0.1894**(2.2919)0.2316***(12.65664)0.0685***(5.0675)-1/-1.1684**(-1.8785)-1.6396***(-3.1268)-1.5787*(-1.7380)12.4361***(4.5298)2R0.95930.88650.85520.5147F29686.84***2512.95***3246.02***441.77***953337251257319544394*10**5***1t41980-1999LnGNIFixedeffect-1LN0.2519***(14.6298)0.1031***(3.7123)0.3732***(14.3273)0.3192***(6.8357)-10.0361***(26.2273)0.0067(0.1892)0.0248***(9.2288)0.0352***(16.3278)2R0.98120.83080.89680.9098F88209.79***2796.57***5830.79***4595.90***953337251686564668454*10**5***1t5LnGNIFixedeffect-10.0094(1.1088)0.0395***(3.2615)-0.0246*(-1.5011)-0.0860*(-1.7552)-1-0.0003(-0.0819)0.0049(1.5598)0.0033(0.5905)0.0009(0.1624)-10.0300*(1.4778)-0.0106(-0.2646)0.0584**(2.2058)0.0284(0.7757)-1-0.0077**(-2.3444)-0.0091***(-2.6949)0.0024(0.2879)-0.0082(-0.6338)CO2-10.0665***(3.2946)0.5962*(1.6555)0.0400(1.1474)0.1131***(6.1980)-12.1184*(1.4177)7.4596**(2.4534)0.6196(0.3152)-1.5036(-0.6753)-1LN0.3043***(5.4624)0.1265(0.8189)0.2886***(4.0940)0.1487**(2.2835)-10.0090*(1.6663)0.2600**(2.0930)0.0063(0.8179)0.0086(0.8339)2R0.99190.97660.96560.9873F3315.76***259.75***451.61***380.15***953337251914411235*10**5***1t