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BritishWelfareWhatiswelfare?•Therangeofservicesthatareprovidedtoprotectpeopleinanumberofconditions,includingchildhood,sicknessandoldage.ModelsofwelfareResidualwelfare:•Itisdirectedtowardsandprovidedforthepoor,fortheycannotmanagelivingwithouthelpandassistancefromthegovernmentsuchasmoney,foodandothernecessities.ThisusedtobethedominantmodelinmostEnglish-speakingcountries,largelyowingtothespreadoftheideasconveyedintheEnglishPoorLaw(1598-1948)ModelsofwelfareSolidarity•Commonaction,mutualresponsibilityandsharedrisks.•Rightsthatpeopleenjoyareparticularratherthangeneral;•benefitthatanindividualcanenjoydependsonhisorhercircumstances,workrecordorfamilyrelationships.•Itisnotprovidedtothewholepopulation.Somepeopleareexcludedfromthenetworkoffamily,friends,communityandemployment.ModelsofwelfareInstitutionalwelfare•Needisviewedasanormalpartofsociallife.•Welfareisprovidedforthepopulationasawhole,inthesamewayaspublicserviceslikeroadsorschools.•Welfareisnotjustforthepoor:itisforeveryone.Modelsofwelfare•Industrialperformance•Itisregardedandusedastheso-called“handmaiden”totheeconomy.•Itpreparesandservicesthecapacityoftheworkforce,whichhelpstheemployers.•Itservesasaneconomicregulator,whichstimulatesdemandwhenproductionislow.Welfareintheworld•UKandSweden--Institutional.–Extensivewelfarecoverageandoffersuniversal“minimumstandards”forallitscitizens.•France—Solidaristic•German—Workoriented.•US—Residualwelfaresystem.Whatisa‘WelfareState’?•Itcanbedefinedas‘astatewithagovernmentwhichassumesresponsibilityforthewell-beingofitscitizensthroughoutlife,througharangeofinterventionsinthemarketeconomy’.Threeprinciplesofwelfarestate:•Aguaranteeofminimumstandards,includingaminimumincome;•Socialprotectionintheeventofinsecurity;•Theprovisionofservicesatthebestlevelpossible.•Whoshouldpayforthesystemandwhoshouldbenefitfromit?•Shouldallcitizensbenefitfromsuchawelfaresystemoronlyafewofthemcanenjoycertainbenefits?FundsofBritishWelfare•NationalInsurancecontributions•GeneralTaxation•ValueAddedTax(VAT)•Initiallyacontributorysystemofinsuranceagainstillnessandunemployment,andlateralsoprovidedretirementpensionsandotherbenefits.NationalInsurance•NationalInsuranceContributions(NICs)–peopleinworkmakepaymentstowardsbenefits.–Theself-employedcontributepartlybyafixed,weeklyormonthlypayment,andpartlyonapercentageofnetprofitsaboveacertainthreshold.NationalInsuranceNumber•AssignedtoeachBritishcitizeneitherbeforetheir16thbirthdayorwhentheystartwork.•GiventoyoungerchildrenforChildBenefit.•Tokeeptrackoftheindividual’sNICandbenefit.•PeopleneedtosupplytheirNInumberinarangeofcircumstances.E.g.claimabenefitortaxcreditorwhentheygetanewjob.•Peoplecomingfromoverseascanalsoapply.•Generaltaxationsuchasincometaxispaidbyallpeopleinworkaboveacertainlevelofincome.•ValueAddedTax(VAT)ComponentsofBritishWelfareSystem•SocialSecurity;•Health;•Housing;•Education;•Pensionandchildren(“personalsocialservice”)•Hospitalcare.•Primarycare:basicmedicaltreatmentandnon-hospitalcare.G.P.•Publichealth:Preventiveaspectsofhealthvaccination(接种疫苗)andhealtheducation.(a)HealthNationalHealthService(NHS)•CoreofBritish“welfarestate”•Providesforeveryresident,regardlessofincome,afullrangeofmedicalservices.•Alltaxpayers,employersandemployeescontributetoitscost.•Freeservice.GP•registeredwithageneralpractitioner•OneG.P.–alistofpeople•Visitapatientonthelistthatmakesarequest,orthepatientwouldgotovisithisG.P.attheappointedtime.•Givetreatment,prescribemedicine;makearrangementforhospitalortobeseenathomebyaspecialist.•Withoutanaddress,itisgenerallyimpossibleforthemtoregisterwithaG.P.•NooneisliabletobechargedbytheNationalHealthServicefortreatmentinanaccident,emergencyorforaninfectiousdisease.(b)Housing•82%ofhouseholdsliveinhousesratherthanflats.•60%inFranceand35%inItaly.•Privatelyownedorprovidedbyfundsfromthegovernment.Semi-detachedHouseSemi-detachedHousesDetachHouseTerracedHouseFlatsFlats•LondonFlat•1930s•LawnRoadFlats•1933-1934DifferentTenure•Socialhousing•Localauthorityhousing•Housingassociation•Owneroccupation•PrivaterentalhousingHousing•PrivateSectorHousing•HousingBenefits•HelpwithhousingcostshasalwaysbeenpartoftheprovisionoftheWelfareState,eitherforpeopleonlowincomesorforpeopleunexpectedlyortemporarilyoutofworkthroughillnessorunemployment.ThisbenefitisadministeredbylocalgovernmentCouncilHousesCouncilHousesWelfareatPresent(c)SocialSecurityForthosewhobecomeunemployed,sick,orwhoareworkingonalowwagewithafamilytosupport,theymayclaimeitherjobseekersallowance,incomesupportorworkingfamiliestaxcredit.DSSprocessestheseclaimsSocialinsurance•Incomemaintenance•Unemployment•Retirement•Supporttofamily(maternityandchild)•Paymenttolong-termsickanddisabled•SupportforwidowWelfareinChinaAccordingtotheConstitution,citizenshavebasicrightstosocialwelfare.•mainlytargetsaturbanresidents.•Farmers,employeesoftownshipenterprises,andimmigrantsfromtheruralareastourbanareas,arebasicallynotcoveredbythesocialwelfaresystem.Currentsocialwelfaresystem•Pension•medicalinsurance•unemploymentinsurance•work-relatedinjuries•birth-givinginsurance.•According