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BRITISHSTANDARDBS7777-3:1993Flat-bottomed,vertical,cylindricalstoragetanksforlowtemperatureservice—Part3:Recommendationsforthedesignandconstructionofprestressedandreinforcedconcretetanksandtankfoundations,andforthedesignandinstallationoftankinsulation,tanklinersandtankcoatingsLicensedCopy:InstituteOfTechnologyTallaght,InstituteofTechnology,MonSep0410:11:42BST2006,UncontrolledCopy,(c)BSI©BSI02-1999ThefollowingBSIreferencesrelatetotheworkonthisstandard:CommitteereferencePVE/15Draftforcomment90/73029DCISBN0580216888CommitteesresponsibleforthisBritishStandardThepreparationofthisBritishStandardwasentrustedbythePressureVesselStandardsPolicyCommittee(PVE/-)toTechnicalCommitteePVE/15,uponwhichthefollowingbodieswererepresented:BritishChemicalEngineeringContractors’AssociationBritishCompressedGasesAssociationBritishGasplcConcreteSocietyEnergyIndustriesCouncilEngineeringEquipmentandMaterialsUsers’AssociationInstitutionofGasEngineersInstitutionofMechanicalEngineersProcessPlantAssociationThermalInsulationsContractors’AssociationWeldingInstituteAmendmentsissuedsincepublicationAmd.No.DateCommentsLicensedCopy:InstituteOfTechnologyTallaght,InstituteofTechnology,MonSep0410:11:42BST2006,UncontrolledCopy,(c)BSI©BSI02-1999iContentsPageCommitteesresponsibleInsidefrontcoverForewordiii1Scope12References12.1Normativereferences12.2Informativereferences13Definitions14Designconditions15Informationtobeexchangedbetweenthepurchaserandthecontractor16Materials16.1General16.2Materialsforprestressingsteelandanchors16.3Reinforcingsteelsforconcrete26.4Concrete46.5Earthfill56.6Insulationmaterials66.7Linersandmembranes77Foundations77.1General77.2Soilinvestigation87.3Seismicinvestigation87.4Siteselection87.5Foundationdesign87.6Typesoffoundationandtankbase107.7Leveltolerances118Prestressedconcreteoutertank118.1General118.2Prestressingsystem118.3Lossofprestress118.4Designoftendons118.5Positionoftendons128.6Protectionoftendons128.7Designofconcretestructure128.8Fireresistance159Reinforcedconcreteoutertankwithearthembankment159.1General159.2Loading159.3Concretepropertiesatlowtemperatures159.4Reinforcingsteel159.5Earthembankment159.6Wallheating1510Insulation1610.1General1610.2Design1610.3Watervapourbarrier1710.4Compatibility1711Linersandmembranes17LicensedCopy:InstituteOfTechnologyTallaght,InstituteofTechnology,MonSep0410:11:42BST2006,UncontrolledCopy,(c)BSI©BSI02-1999Page11.1General1711.2Design1712Baseandwallheating1812.1General1812.2Design1812.3Heatingcontrol1812.4Temperaturesensors1812.5Electricalfailureofindividualcircuits1812.6Electricalfailureofmainpowersupply1812.7Heaterelements1813Prestressedandreinforcedconcreteconstruction1913.1Foundations1913.2Prestressedconcrete1913.3Reinforcedconcrete1914Installationofinsulation1914.1General1914.2Baseinsulation1914.3Shellandroofinsulation1915Earthembankment19AnnexA(informative)Guidanceondesigncriteriaforconcretestructures20AnnexB(informative)Prestressedconcrete23AnnexC(informative)Guidanceonthecalculationofprestressinglossesforconcretemembers23AnnexD(informative)Bibliography24Figure1—Reinforcementbarspecimendimensionsfortestingatthedesigntemperatureinacoolingchamber4Figure2—Notchonreinforcementbar5Figure3—Typicaljointsforprestresswalltobasejunction13Figure4—Typicalsectionoftankwithareinforcedconcreteoutertankwithearthembankment16Table1—Allowabletensilestressesinnon-tensionedreinforcementforserviceattemperaturesdownto–165°C2Table2—Insulationmaterialsforrefrigeratedstorage6Table3—Differentialsettlementlimits9Table4—Summaryoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofjointsinthewalltobasejunction14TableA.1—Summaryofdesignloadsforprestressedconcretecontainment21TableA.2—Summaryofdesignloadsforreinforcedconcretecontainment22TableA.3—Partialloadfactorsforabnormalloadingcases23TableC.1—Creepstrainofconcrete24Listofreferences26LicensedCopy:InstituteOfTechnologyTallaght,InstituteofTechnology,MonSep0410:11:42BST2006,UncontrolledCopy,(c)BSI©BSI02-1999iiiForewordThisPartofBS7777hasbeenpreparedunderthedirectionofthePressureVesselsStandardsPolicyCommittee.Flat-bottomed,vertical,cylindricalstoragetanksforrefrigeratedliquefiedgaseshavetraditionallybeenofthesinglecontainmentdesignwheretheliquidiscontainedinasingleshellsurroundedbyaconventionallowbundwallataconsiderabledistance.Whereadoubleshellconstructionwasused,theoutershellwasmainlytheretocontaintheinsulation.ThesetankswerebuiltinaccordancewithtwoBritishStandards:BS4741:1971,Specificationforverticalcylindricalweldedsteelstoragetanksforlowtemperatureservice:singlewalltanksfortemperaturesdownto–50°C.BS5387:1976,Specificationforverticalcylindricalweldedstoragetanksforlow-temperatureservice:double-walltanksfortemperaturesdownto–196°C.Untilthe1970s,itwasnormalpracticetostoreallrefrigeratedproductsinsinglecont