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20095Society29E2()E2211:,,,,,,,,,,,:,,(Williamson,1985),,,,1,(Macaulay,1963;Granovetter,1985;Uzzi,1999;Zhou,etc.,2003;,2007),,,,,,,,(,1996;,1997;,2003;,2008),,,,,,,,??,,,,,,,;,,(2007),,20%/:8%,27%,7%,20%,22%,,,,,,220095,,?:,,(,2007),,,,,?,(),,,,,,;,,,,11,,,,,,(2007),:,,,,,,3,,,(:GT2ADY):,,,,1/3,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,!(:GT2RCS),,,,,,,,1/3,,,,,,,,,,2/3,,(),(,2007),(,2008);,420095,,CJM:,,,!!,!!,,(:GT2CJM),,,,,?,,(,1996;,2003;,2007),,,,(2005:32),,,,,,,,(:49),,,,,,LSL:,,,,,,(:GT2LSL)LSL,:5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(:GT2RCS),,,,,,,,,,,,?,(),:(parametricuncertainty)(behavioraluncertainty),,,,,,,,,,620095(Williamson,1985),,,,,,,,,1,,;(),,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,([1867]2004:636),,,,,(),()7,30,,,30,,20,,30,20,30,10,,(:),,,(),,,,,,,,,11,,,,,,,,!,,,,(:HX2JZJ),,(Bian,)820095,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,?,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(,2004;,2008),,92002,,,11,18,,,37,11,,,,,,,,28(:GT2RCS),,,,,,SZ,(),,,!,,,,,,;,,,,,:,,?,,0120095(,2007),,,,,,,,42006SZ,CHP,2006,,,,,,CHP,,,2008,,CHP,,,,CHP,(:BY2WBZ)2007,XTXTDC,LYLGP,,LGPLGP:?!28,,,,??,!,,,(:BY2LGP),(),,!,,,,,11,,(:GT2RCS),,,,,,,,,,,(:BY2WBZ),,,,;,,,,,,,,,X,CHP,,40,,,,,,,,,,,(:HX2LYG),,,,,,2120095,,,,,,,,,,?,(),,,(2007),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,31,,,,,,,,,,11,,,,,,,,,,,,(?),,,,,,,,,(:HX2NHR),,,,,,,,(),?(),!?(:HX2JZJ),4120095,,,,,(),,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,(:GT2LSL),,;,(,1989),,,,DZQ,2006,,(),JM,JM,JM,,()!51,:,,,,!,?(:HX2DZQ),,DZQJM,(2000),,,,,,,,,,,NHR:,,,,!,,,,?(:HX2NHR),,,,,,,,(2007),,,,(),,,6120095,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,71,,,,,,,,,:(Bian&SoonAng,1997;,2006;,2003);(,2006;,2006);(,2002;,2003),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8120095.2006.:[J].(6)..2003.[J].(3).,P.1988.[M].:..2005.[M]..,.2003.[M].:..1996.[J].(4).,.[1867]1998.[M].:..1989.[M].:..2007.[M].:..[1867]2004.()[M].:..2007.[J].(7)..2006.:[M].(5)..2007.:[G]//.:..2008.[J].(1).,M.2007.[M].,.:..2000.[M]...2003.[J].(1)..1999.[J].(3)..2006.[J].(6).,.1997.[J].(1)..2002.:[J].(4)..2007.[J].(12)..2007.:[G]//.:.Bian,YanjieandSoonAng.1997.GuanxiNetworksandJobMobilityinChinaandSingapore.SocialForces75.Burt,R.1992.StructuralHoles.Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress.Granovetter,M.1985,EconomicActionandSocialStructure:TheProblemofEmbeddedness.AmericanJournalofSociology91:4812510.Macaulay,S.1963.Non2contractualRelationsinBusiness:APreliminary91Study.AmericanSociologyReview,Vol.28.No.1:55267.Uzzi,B.1999.EmbeddednessintheMakingofFinancialCapital:HowSocialRelationsandNetworksBenefitFirmsSeekingFinancing.AmericanSociologyReview64:4812505.Williamson,O.1985.TheEconomicsInstitutionsofCapitalism.NewYork:TheFreePress.Zhou,Xueguang,ZhaoWei,LiQiang,andCaiHe.2003.EnbeddednessandContractualRelationshipinChinasTransitionalEconomy.AmericanSociologyReview68:752102.:0220095SOCIETY(Bimonthly)Vol.29No.5Sept.2009OrganizationandSocietyTheReverseOrderinPayingoffWorkersbyContractorsintheChineseConstructionIndustry:ForWhomIstheMarketRiskReducedbyGuanxi?CaiHe,JiaWenjuan1Abstract:Intheconstructionindustry,whenaprojectisshortoffundstopayoffalltheworkers,thecontractorswillfollowareverseorder,namely,payingofftheperipheralworkerstowhomtheyarenotpersonallyclosebeforepayingoffthecoreworkerswithwhomtheyhavecloserelationships.SuchapatternisduetoGuanxisinabilitytoreducetheenvironmentaluncertaintydespiteofthepossibilityforGuanxitolowertheuncertaintyinthetradingparties.OncetheenvironmentaluncertaintydirectlythreatenstheinterestsofthepartiesinaGuanxi,theinherenttensionwithintheGuanxiwillintensifyandconflictswillsurface.Contractorswouldrathertaketheriskofthebehavioraluncertaintyoflosingtheircoreworkersinordertominimizetheprobablethreatfromtheperipheralworkers.Nevertheless,whenthecontractorscombinetheirhiringpowerwiththelawofrelationalfavorism,theresultisakindofGuanxihegemonywhichcanrestrictthecoreworkersbehavioraluncertainty.Guanxisfunctioninregulatingmarketriskstounequallevelsforthecontractorsandthecoreworkers,withtheformerbenefitedfromreducedrisksbutthelattertoshoulderhigherrisks.Keywords:contractors,Guanxi,pay,powerTheSocialBasisofTechnologyApplication:AComparativeStudyontheApplicationoftheSteamFilatureAssemblinginModernChinaZhangMaoyuan21Abstract:InmodernChina,theapplicationofthesteamfilatureassemblingintheYangtzeRiverDeltaandthePearlRiverDeltahasbroughtaboutthespecializationinthesilkprofessionofmulberrycultivating,silkwormgrowing,andfilature2322