基于人员逃生公路隧道火灾控制风速研究

分类号:U4510710-2011221052专业硕士学位论文基于人员逃生公路隧道火灾控制风速研究师江涛导师姓名职称夏永旭教授申请学位级别硕士专业学位类别及领域名称建筑与土木工程论文提交日期2013年6月2日论文答辩日期2013年6月5日学位授予单位长安大学StudyonthecontrolofventilationvelocityoffireinhighwaytunnelbasedonthesafetyevacuationADissertationSubmittedfortheDegreeofMasterCandidate：ShiJiangtaoSupervisor：Prof.XiaYongxuChang’anUniversity,Xi’an,ChinaI摘要近年来，公路隧道建设蓬勃发展，隧道数量和里程不断增加，隧道长度不断突破，在给公路交通创造有利条件的同时，隧道内各类事故隐患也不断增多，其中隧道火灾事故更是时有发生。隧道内一旦发生火灾，隧道内的温度和烟气对人员安全有严重威胁，稍有不慎将导致严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。因此，研究隧道火灾时人员逃生的控制风速，在隧道消防安全中越来越重要。首先，本文参考国内外相关文献，在分析目前常用多种热释放函数优缺点的基础上，选用杨涛给出的公路隧道火灾火源热释放函数。其次，采用CFD数值模拟方法，对矩形、圆形、马蹄形隧道在不同车道、不同火源热释放率及不同环境风速下火灾温度场和烟气场的分布进行了研究分析，并采用修正后的克拉尼公式，对人员在火灾时的安全逃生情况进行了研究。结果表明，对于矩形隧道，20MW火灾时双车道的控制风速应不小于3m/s，三、四车道均不小于2.5m/s，30MW火灾时不小于3.5m/s；对于圆形隧道，20MW火灾时不小于3.5m/s，30MW火灾时双车道不小于4m/s，三、四车道均不小于3.5m/s；对于马蹄形隧道，20MW火灾时均不小于3.5m/s，30MW火灾时双车道不小于4m/s，三、四车道均不小于3.5m/s。本文通过对不同隧道断面火灾研究，给出确保人员能够安全逃生的控制风速，为隧道火灾应急救援预案的制定提供了有益的参考。关键词：公路隧道，隧道火灾，热释放率，人员逃生，控制风速IIAbstractInrecentyears,withthehighwaytunnelconstructionbooming,thenumberoftunnelsandmileageincreasingandthelengthofthetunnelcontinuingtomakebreakthroughs,favorableconditionsofhighwaytrafficarecreated,whiledifferentkindsofpotentialaccidentshavecontinuedtoincrease,amongwhichthetunnelfireaccidentsoftenoccur.Oncetunnelfirehappens,thetemperatureandsmokewillhaveaseriousthreattopersonnelsecurity,eventheslightestmistakewillcausedeathorseriouscasualtiesandpropertylosses.Therefore,theresearchforthecontrolventilationvelocityinthetunnelfireescapeisincreasinglyimportantinthetunnelfiresafety.Firstly,referringtotherelevantliterature,onthebaseofanalyzingtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofvariouscommonlyusedheatreleasefunction,theheatreleasefunctionofhighwaytunnelfiregivenbyYangTaoisselectedinthispaper.Secondly,usetheCFDnumericalsimulationmethod,forrectangular,circular,horseshoe-shapedtunnelinthedifferentlanes,differentheatreleaserateanddifferentlongitudinalventilationvelocity,tostudyandanalyzethefiretemperaturefieldandthedistributionofthesmokefield.Finally,choosethecontroloftunnelsmokerefluxandthecorrectionofCraneeformulaasacriterion,toresearchtheconditionsoffireevacuation.Theresultsshowthatforrectangulartunnel,two-lane’scontrolventilationvelocityfor20MWfireshouldnotbelessthan3m/s,three-laneandfour-lanenotlessthan2.5m/s,whilethe30MWfireallnotlessthan3.5m/s;forcirculartunnel,thecontrolventilationvelocityfor20MWfireshouldnotbelessthan3.5m/s,for30MWfiretwo-lane’scontrolventilationvolecityshouldnotbelessthan4m/s,boththree-lane’sandfour-lane’snotlessthan3.5m/s;forhorseshoe-shapedtunnel,thecontrolventilationvelocityfor20MWfireshouldnotbelessthan3.5m/s,whilefor30MWfiretwo-lane’scontrolventilationvolecityshouldnotbelessthan4m/s,three-lane’sandfour-lane’snotlessthan3.5m/s.Thispaperindicatesdifferentcontrolventilationvolecitytoensuresafeescapeinthefireandprovidesausefulreferencefortheformulationofthetunnelfireemergencyrescueplanbythestudyoftunnelfirefordifferenttunnelsection.Keywords：highwaytunnel,tunnelfire,heatreleaserate,personnelescape,controlventilationvolecityIII目录第一章绪论........................................................................................................................11.1研究背景.......................................................................................................................11.2国内外研究现状...........................................................................................................31.2.1国外研究概况.....................................................................................................31.2.2国内研究概况.....................................................................................................51.2.3存在的问题.........................................................................................................71.3本文的研究方法与内容...............................................................................................7第二章隧道火灾热释放率及人员逃生条件........................................................................82.1火灾理论基础...............................................................................................................82.1.1隧道通风中的基本假设....................................................................................82.1.2流体动力学控制方程........................................................................................82.1.3求解条件............................................................................................................92.2火灾热释放率...............................................................................................................92.2.1热释放率研究现状..........................................................................................102.2.2本文采用的热释放率函数..............................................................................142.3人员逃生条件.............................................................................................................152.4本章小节.....................................................................................................................17第三章矩形隧道火灾控制风速研究...................................................