可可英语听力【实用4篇】

好文供参考!1/17可可英语听力【实用4篇】【引读】这篇优秀的文档“可可英语听力【实用4篇】”由网友上传分享，供您参考学习使用，希望此文对您有所帮助，喜欢的话就分享给下载吧！可可英语说法【第一篇】cocoa可可英语在线听力：烹饪进化论【第二篇】Science&TechnologyTheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience(AAAS)What'scooking?Feb19th2009|CHICAGOFromTheEconomistprinteditionTheevolutionaryroleofcookeryYOUarewhatyoueat,orsothesayinggoes.ButRichardWrangham,ofHarvardUniversity,believesthatthisistrueinamoreprofoundsensethantheoneimpliedbytheoldproverb.Itisnotjustyouwhoarewhatyoueat,好文供参考!2/17buttheentirehumanspecies.AndwithHomosapiens,whatmakesthespeciesuniqueinDrWrangham’sopinionisthatitsfoodissooftencooked.Cookingisahumanuniversal.Nosocietyiswithoutit.Nooneotherthanafewfaddiststriestosurviveonrawfoodalone.Andtheconsumptionofacookedmealintheevening,usuallyinthecompanyoffamilyandfriends,isnormalineveryknownsociety.Moreover,withoutcooking,thehumanbrain(whichconsumes20-25%ofthebody’senergy)couldnotkeeprunning.DrWranghamthusbelievesthatcookingandhumanityarecoeval.Infact,asheoutlinedtotheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience(AAAS)，inChicago,hethinksthatcookingandotherformsofpreparingfoodarehumanity’s“killerapp”:theevolutionarychangethatunderpinsalloftheother—andsubsequent—changesthathavemadepeoplesuchunusualanimals.Humansbecamehuman,asitwere,withthe好文供参考!3/17emergenceyearsagoofaspeciescalledHomoerectus.Thishadaskeletonmuchlikemodernman’s—abig,brain-filledskullandanarrowpelvisandribcage,whichimplyasmallabdomenandthusasmallgut.Hitherto,theexplanationforthisshiftfromthesmallerskullsandwiderpelvisesofman’sapelikeancestorshasbeenashiftfromavegetable-baseddiettoameat-basedone.Meathasmorecaloriesthanplantmatter,thetheorywent.Asmallergutcouldthereforesupportalargerbrain.DrWranghamdisagrees.Whenyoudothesums,heargues,rawmeatisstillinsufficienttobridgethegap.Hepointsoutthatevenmodern“rawfoodists”，membersofatown-dwelling,back-to-naturesocialmovement,struggletomaintaintheirweight—andtheyhaveaccesstoanimalsandplantsthathavebeenbredforthetable.Pre-agriculturalmanconfinedtorawfoodwouldhavestarved.FirelightStartcooking,however,andthingschange好文供参考!4/17radically.Cookingaltersfoodinthreeimportantways.Itbreaksstarchmoleculesintomoredigestiblefragments.It“denatures”proteinmolecules,sothattheiramino-acidchainsunfoldanddigestiveenzymescanattackthemmoreeasily.Andheatphysicallysoftensfood.Thatmakesiteasiertodigest,soeventhoughthestuffisnomorecalorific,thebodyusesfewercaloriesdealingwithit.Insupportofhisthesis,DrWrangham,whoisananthropologist,hasransackedotherfieldsandcomeupwithanimpressivearrayofmaterial.Cookingincreasestheshareoffooddigestedinthestomachandsmallintestine,whereitcanbeabsorbed,from50%to95%accordingtoworkdoneonpeoplefittedformedicalreasonswithcollectionbagsattheendsoftheirsmallintestines.Previousstudieshadsuggestedrawfoodwasdigestedequallywellascookedfoodbecausetheylookedatfaecesasbeingtheendproduct.These,however,havebeenexposedtothedigestivemercies好文供参考!5/17ofbacteriainthelargeintestine,andanyresidualgoodieshavebeenremovedfromthemthatway.Anothertellingexperiment,conductedonrats,didnotrelyoncooking.Rathertheexperimentersgroundupfoodpelletsandthenrecompactedthemtomakethemsofter.Ratsfedonthesofterpelletsweighed30%moreafter26weeksthanthosefedthesameweightofstandardpellets.Thedifferencewasbecauseofthelowercostofdigestion.Indeed,DrWranghamsuspectsthemaincauseofthemodernepidemicofobesityisnotovereating(whichtheevidencesuggests—inAmerica,atleast—isamyth)buttheriseofprocessedfoods.Thesearesofter,becausethatiswhatpeopleprefer.Indeed,thenervesfromthetastebudsmeetinapartofthebraincalledtheamygdalawithnervesthatconveyinformationonthesoftnessoffood.Itisonlyafterthesetwoqualitieshavebeencomparedthatthebrainassesseshowpleasantamouthfulactuallyis.Thearchaeologicalevidenceforancient好文供参考!6/17cookeryisequivocal.DigsshowthatbothmodernhumansandNeanderthalscontrolledfireinawaythatalmostcertainlymeanstheycouldcook,anddidsoatleast200,000yearsago.Sincethelastcommonancestorofthetwospecieslivedmorethan400,000yearsago(seefollowingstory)fire-controlisprobablyatleastasoldasthat,fortheylivedindifferentpartsoftheworld,andsocouldnothavecopiedeachother.Olderallegedsitesofhumanfiresaremoresusceptibletootherinterpretations,buttheydoexist,includingonesthatgobacktothebeginningofHomoerectus.Andtracesoffireareeasilywipedout,sothelackofdirectevidenceforthemisnosurprise.Instead,DrWranghamisrelyingonacompellingchainoflogic.Andindoingsohemayhavecastlightnotonlyonwhatmadehumanity,butononeofthethreatsitfacestoday.可可英语听力：TheCubanrevolutionat【第三篇】TheCubanrevolutionat50Heroicmythandprosaicfailure好文供参考!7/17Dec30th2008FromTheEconomistprinteditionAlltheCastrobrothershavetocelebratethisweekissurvival.ButthatinitselfisaremarkableachievementINTHEearlyhoursofJanuary1st1959,asNewYearpartieswereinfullswinginanotherwiseunnaturallyquietHavana,FulgencioBatistastoleaway.HeflewfromCampColumbia,thecity’smainmilitarybase,toexileintheDominicanRepublicwithanentourageofrelativesandcronies.Thedictator’sflightmeantthatjust25monthsafterlandingwith81men,allbutadozenofwhomwereimmediatelykilledorcaptured,Fide