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第八章各类食品的营养价值第一节食品营养价值的评定及意义食品营养价值的评定★营养素的种类及含量★营养素质量营养质量指数(indexofnutritionquality,INQ)INQ＝1,该营养素与能量含量达到平衡；INQ＞1,该营养素的供给量高于能量的供给量；INQ＜1,该营养素的供给少于能量的供给。热能(kJ)蛋白质(g)视黄醇(μg)硫胺素(mg)核黄素(mg)成年男子轻体力劳动的营养素供给标准100g鸡蛋INQ100g大米INQ100g大豆INQ10042653145615027512.82.628.00.7435.13.138001943.73——370.311.40.131.430.221.080.411.961.40.323.520.050.250.200.96鸡蛋、大米、大豆中几种营养素的INQ值第二节各类食品的营养价值一、谷类的营养成分谷粒的纵切面示意图几种谷类的蛋白质组成（%）谷物白蛋白球蛋白醇溶蛋白谷蛋白大米小麦玉米高粱53～541～8106～1021～8540～5050～5550～608030～4030～4532必需氨基酸WHO建议氨基酸构成比鸡蛋大豆绿豆异亮氨酸亮氨酸赖氨酸蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸苯丙氨酸＋酪氨酸苏氨酸色氨酸纈氨酸4.07.05.53.56.04.01.05.04.88.16.54.78.64.51.75.45.28.16.42.58.64.01.34.94.58.17.52.39.73.61.15.5鸡蛋、大豆、绿豆的氨基酸组成（g/100g蛋白质）大豆中的抗营养因素蛋白酶抑制剂（proteaseinhibitor,PI）豆腥味胀气因子(flatus-producingfactor)水苏糖棉籽糖植酸皂甙植物红细胞凝集素几种豆制品每100g中主要营养素含量蛋白质(g)脂肪(g)碳水化合物(g)视黄醇当量(μg)硫胺素(mg)核黄素(mg)抗坏血酸(mg)豆浆豆腐豆豉黄豆芽绿豆芽1.88.124.14.52.10.73.7—1.60.11.14.236.84.52.915——530.020.040.020.040.050.020.030.090.070.0600086常见蔬菜每100g中三种维生素的含量柿子椒花菜苋菜冬苋菜菠菜冬瓜南瓜胡萝卜维生素C(mg)胡萝卜素(μg)核黄素(mg)723400.0361300.084721000.212069500.05324870.1118800.0188900.041640100.04鲜枣猕猴桃柑桔芒果苹果葡萄桃草莓维生素C(mg)胡萝卜素(μg)核黄素(mg)2432400.09621300.02288900.04195200.032380500.044200.0225500.027200.0347300.03常见水果中三种维生素的含量(/100g)几种蔬菜中钙和草酸含量(mg/100g)蔬菜名称钙草酸大蕹菜芋禾杆厚皮菜苋菜圆叶菠菜折耳菜224406435910212169129847111426061150猪肉及内脏主要营养素含量（每100g可食部）蛋白质(g)脂肪(g)钙(g)铁(g)视黄醇当量(μg)VitB1(mg)VitB2(mg)胆固醇(mg)猪肉(瘦)猪心猪肝猪肾猪脑20.316.619.315.410.86.25.33.83.29.8612612303.04.322.66.11.94413497241—0.540.190.210.310.110.100.482.081.140.19791512883542571食物名称蛋白质(g)脂肪(g)视黄醇当量(μg)硫胺素(mg)核黄素(mg)钙(mg)铁(mg)胆固醇(mg)鸡鸡肝鸡肫鸭鸭肝鸭肫鹅炸鸡(肯德基)19.316.619.215.514.517.917.920.39.44.82.819.77.51.319.917.3481041036521040642230.050.330.040.080.260.040.070.030.091.100.090.221.050.150.230.179776181241091.412.04.42.223.14.33.82.21063561749434113574198鸡、鸭、鹅主要营养素的含量（每100g可食部）不同奶营养素比较（每100g含量）人乳牛乳羊乳水分(g)蛋白质(g)脂肪(g)碳水化合物(g)热能(kJ)钙(mg)磷(mg)铁(mg)视黄醇当量(μg)硫胺素(mg)核黄素(mg)尼克酸(mg)抗坏血酸(mg)87.61.33.47.427230130.1110.010.050.205.089.93.03.23.4226104730.3240.030.140.101.088.91.53.55.424782980.5840.040.122.10—奶中氮的分布牛奶人奶含量mg/100ml占总氮量的百分比(%)含量mg/100ml占总氮量的百分比(%)总氮酪蛋白乳清蛋白非蛋白氮540430803010079.614.85.6162497736100304822奶制品的营养价值★巴氏杀菌乳(pasteurizedmilk)★奶粉(milkpowder)全脂奶粉(wholemilkpowder)脱脂奶粉(skimmedmilkpowder)调制奶粉(formulamilkpowder)★酸奶(culturedmilk)★炼乳(condensedmilk)甜炼乳(sweetenedcondensedmilk)淡炼乳(evaporatedmilk)★复合奶(mixturemilk)★奶油(butter)全蛋蛋清蛋黄水分蛋白质脂肪糖矿物质73.8～75.812.811.11.31.084.4～87.78.9～11.60.11.8～3.20.644.9～51.514.5～15.526.4～33.83.4～6.21.1蛋各部分的主要营养组成(%)蛋白质(g)脂肪(g)碳水化合物(g)视黄醇当量(μg)硫胺素(mg)核黄素(mg)钙(mg)铁(mg)胆固醇(mg)全鸡蛋鸡蛋白鸡蛋黄鸭蛋咸鸭蛋松花蛋鹌鹑蛋12.811.615.212.612.714.212.811.16.128.213012.710.711.11.33.13.43.16.34.52.1194－4382611342153370.130.040.330.170.160.060.110.320.310.290.350.330.180.494491126211863472.31.66.52.93.63.33.2585－1510565647608531各种主要营养素含量(每100g)营养组成大米出米率小麦出粉率92％94％96％72％80％85％水分粗蛋白粗脂肪糖无机盐纤维素15.56.20.80.30.60.315.56.61.10.40.80.415.56.91.50.61.00.614.58～130.8～1.51.5～2.00.3～0.6微～0.214.59～141.0～1.61.5～2.00.6～0.80.2～0.414.59～141.5～2.02.0～2.50.7～0.90.4～0.9不同出米率大米和不同出粉率小麦的营养组成(%)5072808595～100硫胺素核黄素尼克酸泛酸吡哆酸0.080.030.700.400.100.110.040.720.600.150.260.051.200.900.250.310.071.601.100.300.400.126.001.500.50不同出粉率小麦B族维生素的变化(mg/100g)食物原料烹调方法硫胺素核黄素尼克酸烹调前(mg)烹调后(mg)保存率(%)烹调前(mg)烹调后(mg)保存率(%)烹调前(mg)烹调后(mg)保存率(%)饭饭粥馒头馒头面条面条大饼大饼烧饼油条窝头稻米(标一〕稻米(标一)小米富强粉标准粉富强粉标准粉富强粉标准粉标准粉标准粉玉米面捞、蒸碗蒸熬发酵、蒸发酵、蒸煮煮烙烙烙、烤炸蒸0.210.210.660.070.270.290.610.350.480.450.490.330.070.130.120.200.190.200.310.340.380.2900.333362182870695197796401000.060.060.030.050.060.050.030.060.060.080.030.140.030.060.030.050.060.050.030.060.060.080.030.145010030628671438686100501004.14.11.81.22.02.62.82.42.43.51.72.11.01.61.21.11.81.82.22.32.43.30.92.324306791907378961009452109不同烹调方式下米饭和面食中B族维生素的保存率