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ABriefIntroductiontoPlantBiologyPlantsandPeopleFormanycenturies,humanshavereliedonplantsforsurvivalandpleasure.•Asiancivilizations----rice•MiddleEasterncivilizations---wheatandbarley•Americancivilizations----cornPepper--PipernigrumFlax—LinumusitassimumTea--CamelliasinensisFoxglove--DigitalispurpereaCocoa--TheobromacacaoCloggingthewaterwaysWaterhyacinth—Eichhorniacrassipes植物生物学PlantBiology/Botany•植物生物学的概念ConceptsofPlantBiology•植物与植物生物学PlantsversusPlantBiology•植物生物学与科学PlantBiologyandScience•科学的本质NatureofScience–科学的特征CharacteristicsofScience–科学的目的ObjectivesofScience–科学方法论MethodologyofSciencePlantBiology/BotanyPlantbiology----------asubdivisionofBiology,thestudyoflife.Simplyspeaking,itisthescientificstudyofplantsatdifferentlevels.Atpresent,plantbiologyhasbeendividedintomanyscientificdisciplinesbasedonthedifferentresearchlevelsandobjectives,e.g.plantphysiology,morphology,anatomy,taxonomy,cytology,genetics,ecologyandsoon.Species生物圈生态系统群落物种居群多细胞生物体器官系统器官组织细胞细胞器分子植物形态学和植物解剖学PlantMorphologyandPlantAnatomy•Plantmorphology-------thestudyoftheformofplants.•Plantanatomy-------thestudyofplantinternalstructure植物生理学PlantPhysiology•Plantphysiology--------thestudyofhowplantsfunction,thatis,howtheycaptureandtransformenergyandhowtheygrowanddevelop.植物分类学/系统学PlantTaxonomy/Systematics•Plantsystematics-------thestudyofnaming,classifyingandphylogenyofplants.植物生态学PlantEcology•Plantecology------thestudyontherelationshipsbetweenplantsandtheirlivingenvironments.植物发育生物学PlantDevelopmentalBiology•DevelopmentalBiology------thestudyoftheprocessfromgenetodifferentphenotypesormorphologicalformsofplants,andthecausesandmechanismsinvolvedintheprocess.PlantBiologyPlantbiology/Botanyisamultidisciplinarysciencetoaddressthreemajorquestionsas“what?”,“how?”and“why?”aboutplantsinnature.Studyfieldsinclude:1)theirmorphologicalforms、internalstructureandfunctions;2)growthanddevelopment;3)originationanddiversification;4)theroleinnatureorecosystem.•Whatexactlyisa‘plant’?•Whatrolesplantsplayinnatureorecosystem?•Howareplantsconstructed?•Howdoplantswork?•Howdo‘plants’originateandevolve?•Howandwhydoplantsoccupydifferenthabitats?TheClassificationofLivingOrganismsAbout10milliondifferentkindsoforganismslivingonearth,ofwhichonlyabout1.4millionhavebeennamedandcatalogued.•TheTwoKingdomsofLife[CarolusLinnaeus(1707-1778)]☞KingdomPlantae☞KingdomAnimaliaTheclassificationwasmainlybasedonModesofNutritionandMobility(abilityofmovement)眼虫Euglenasp.衣藻Chlamydomonassp.粘菌MoldsTheFiveKingdomsofLifeR.H.Whittaker(1969)☞原核生物界/KingdomMonera:Cellsoforganismslackanuclearenvelopeandothermembrane-boundorganelles.☞原生生物界/KingdomProtista:Eukaryoticunicellularormulticellularorganisms.☞真菌界/KingdomFungi☞植物界/KingdomPlantae☞动物界/KingdomAnimalia(cellstructure,modesofnutrition,morphologicalcharacteristics)原核生物界原生生物界真菌界植物界动物界TheoriesontheOriginofLife¾创世说TheCreation¾自然发生说Spontaneousgeneration¾天外起源说Extraterrestrialgeneration¾进化起源说EvolutionaryoriginTheCreationTheSpontaneousGenerationTheExtraterrestrialGenerationEvolutionaryHistoryofEarthClockfaceoftheoriginoforganisms1sec=52,000yr1min=3.1millionyr1hr=187millionyr4.5billionyr4.1billionyr3.5billionyr3.4billionyr2.1billionyr1.5billionyr0.7billionyr250millionyr1.5millionyr450millionyrFigure1ImportanteventsinEarth’s4.5billionyearhistorycondensedintoa24-hrclocktimescale.100millionyr5EvolutionaryHistoryofLifeStepsintheevolutionofLife☞chemicalbuildingblocks•4.5billionyrsEarthisformed☞organismsevolve•3.5billionyrsoldestfossils☞complexityincreases•3.4billionyrsfirstphotosyntheticorganisms•2.1billionyrsoxygeninatmosphere•1.5billionyrsfirstfossilsofeucaryoticorganisms•0.7billionyrsfirstfossilsofmulticellularorganisms☞colonizationofland•450millionyrsplantscolonizeland☞complexityincreases•250millionyrsfloweringplantsevolve•100millionyrsdinosaursevolve•1.5millionyrsgenusHomoevolvesEarthandPlantEvolutionPlantshelptheevolutionofotherorganisms☞capturesolarenergybyphotosynthesis•limitedtoplants,algaeandsomebacteria☞supplyproductsofphotosynthesisonwhichessentiallyalllifedepends•Heterotrophs,whicharecapableoffeedingonorganicmolecules,likelywerethefirstorganismstoevolve…•evolutionofphotosynthesisallowedalargernumberoforganismstoliveonEarth☞providealevelofnutritionwhichisafactorthatcanlimitanimalevolution•mammalsdependontheconcentratednutritioninseeds科学的特征TheCharacteristicsofScience•科学的方法是严密的therigorofitsmethodology；•科学的结论是可以检验或否证的thepossibilityoftestingorfalsifyingitsconclusions；•科学是有可能建立自圆其说的“范式”（理论体系）的thepossibilityofestablishingnoncontradictory“paradigms”(systemsoftheories)。科学的目的ObjectivesofScience(Ayala1968)•科学寻求用系统方法组织知识，努力去发现现象与过程之间关系的模式Scienceseekstoorganizeknowledgeinasystematicway,endeavoringtodiscoverpatternsofrelationshipamongphenomenaandprocesses•科学力求为事件的发生提出说明解释Sciencestrivestoprovideexplanationsfortheoccurrenceofevents•科学提出了解释性的假说，这些假说必须是可以检验的，也就是有随时被否证的可能性Scienceproposesexplanatoryhypothesesthatmustbetestable,thatis,accessibletothepossibilityofrejection.科学的方法MethodologyofScience•归纳法Induction•假设——演绎法Hypothetico-Deduction•观察、实验和比较Observation,ExperimentsandCompari