筛选途径的药物发现ScreeningBasedDrugDiscovery药学院药物化学教研室李炜本科生《药物设计学》专业课PaulJanssen(1926-2003)NewmedicinesdiscoveredbyJanssen’steamhaloperidolrisperidonefentanylloperamideMorethan80newmedicines(absoluteworldrecord),atthewiderangeofhisinventionsinpsychopharmacology,neuropharmacology,gastroenterology,cardiology,parasitology,virology,immunology,anaesthesiology,andanalgesiaClassicofPhenotypicscreeningConceptionAleadcompdAppropriatebioassayUnmetmedicalneedIterativeevolutionprocessSynthesisBioassayevaluationTestfeedbackApictureofstructure-activityrelationshipActiveinleast3/5authenticexo-vivoorinvivopharmacologicalmodelsWhenFitforitspurpose?JudgmentExperienceImaginationAestheticintuition——Aconcept-drivenprojectWorkupCreativityWhenFitforitspurpose?JudgmentExperienceImaginationAestheticintuitionReal-worldScreeningbasedDrugdiscovery药理学家药物化学家先导化合物微生物天然产物合成MainconcernsDIVERSITYTRANSLATIONTHROUGHPUTProf.Dr.JohnL.Neumeyer•HarvardMedicalSchool/McLeanHospital•MatthewsDistinguishedProfessor•创办ResearchBiochemicalsInternational(RBI)公司•已发表280多篇学术论文,获20项美国专利•发明帕金森氏症诊断药DATSCAN®Reference:Chem.Rev.,2013,113(5),ppPR123–PR178Whatdidamedicinalchemistsay?Mostimportantlessonsfrommycareer(I)•Soundbackground&skillsinOrganicChemistry良好的有机化学背景及实验技能•Goodunderstanding&knowledgeofrelatedbiochemistryandpharmacology对所关注的生化及药理机制有深刻的理解和认识Mostimportantlessonsfrommycareer(II)•Findgoodcollaborator(s)inpharmacologyandclinicalsciences在药理学及临床科学领域维持良好的合作伙伴关系•Patience持之以恒筛选途径需要解决的基本问题I.结构多样性(Diversity)II.转化医学(TranslationalMedicine,frombenchtobedside)药物设计基本原理——多样性Diversity•药物分子的多样性•天然产物提取分离、合成以及半合成•合成化合物的筛选•组合化学ViewofPubChemchemicalspaceReymond,J.L,ACSChem.Neurosci.3(9):649–657天然产物的分离、合成及半合成MonroeE.WallandMansukhC.WaniPacificYew太平洋紫杉1971年提取、分离、鉴定1991年FDA批准2000年销售20亿美元“卵巢癌和转移性乳腺癌治愈率达33%,总有效率达75%以上”OHOCH3OHOHAcOBzOH3COHOCH3CH3OOHNHBz“taxol”ResearchTriangleInstitute.生源问题•紫杉醇含量为树皮干重0.005%-0.07%,1公斤紫杉醇需要15-30吨树皮,剥1500-2000棵大树(50-250年成材)•紫杉醇产量500公斤/年;市场需求达4.8吨/年;原料药价格(18万美元/kg)OHOCH3OHOHAcOBzOH3COHOCH3CH3OOHNHBzOHOCH3OHOHAcOBzOH3CHOHOCH3CH3四步反应10-去乙酰浆果赤霉素(10-去乙酰巴卡亭III)紫杉醇天然产物的半合成(I)OHOCH3OHOHAcOBzOH3COHOCH3CH3OOHNHOOHOCH3OHOHAcOBzOH3COHOCH3CH3OOHNHOOH3CH3CCH3紫杉醇Taxol多西他赛DocetaxelBOC水溶性比紫杉醇好,抗肿瘤谱更广;同等情况下活性优于紫杉醇天然产物的半合成(II)opiumpoppies吗啡可待因thebaine罂粟碱那可丁阿片类生物碱10-14%1-3.5%0.2%0.5-1%3-8%OHOOHNCH3HOH3COOHNCH3HOH3COOCH3NCH3镇痛止咳无活性解痉扩血管NH3COH3COOCH3OCH3NOOOH3COCH3OOCH3OCH3HH非成瘾性镇咳OHOONOH蒂巴因的半合成OH3COOCH3NCH3Diels-AlderGrignardOtherreactionsOHOOCH3NCH3OHCH3(CH2)2CH3OH3COONCH3OHOH3COONCH3OH脱氢羟可酮二氢埃托啡羟可酮纳洛酮镇痛活性吗啡1000X阿片受体拮抗剂醒酒口服有效活性强于吗啡thebaine天然产物的半合成(III)NHNOHCH3H3COOCNCHONOHCOOCH3OAcCH3HH3CONHNCH3H3COOCNCH3NOHCOOCH3OAcCH3HH3CO长春新碱长春瑞滨作用于微管、干扰蛋白质合成、抑制RNA多聚酶的活力、抑制细胞膜脂质合成和氨基酸在细胞膜上转运低神经毒性诺维本®1989皮尔法伯Vincarosea合成化合物的筛选流感治疗药物(宿主)唾液酸——流感病毒神经氨酸酶促进病毒感染细胞OCOOHOHHOH2COHOHHNH3COOHOCOOHHOH2COHOHHNH3COHNNH2NH扎那米韦(1999)口腔吸入剂流感治疗与唾液酸相比,对神经氨酸酶的亲和力高1000倍扎那米韦来源于合成中间体的苗头化合物活性与扎那米韦相当没有胍基结构Me-betterOHNNH2OCH2CH3OH3CH3COCH3OHNHNOHOOCH3MOMROCOOHHOH2COHOHHNH3COHNNH2NH奥司他韦(达菲)胶囊/混悬剂苗头化合物的结构优化基团改变导致活性变化的机制扎那米韦奥司他韦配基与神经氨酸酶作用方式的意外改变!胍基:活性提高1000倍3-戊氧基:活性提高1000倍设计失败的畅销药费里克(德国格兰泰制药公司,1962)OH3COHONCH3CodeineTramadol“新型镇咳药的设计”H3COOHNCH3CH3HCl**强镇痛,低成瘾曲马多是当今世界上最重要的中枢镇痛药物之一强生+法玛西亚+格兰泰公司销售10亿美元/年消旋体上市,三重作用机制:1.右旋体:激动μ阿片受体(弱)2.右旋体:5-HT重摄取抑制剂3.左旋体:NA重摄取抑制剂【精II】组合化学、多样性导向合成及片段库采用自动化固相合成方法小规模合成大量新化合物固相合成法(SolidPhaseSynthesis)固相反应的优势:•产物纯化很容易,一般只需过滤即可•产物收率、纯度较高•容易实现自动化操作XYZSynthesisX+YZVGAVAVAVAVAGAGAGG平行合成法(ParallelSynthesis)Etc.Etc.Etc.GAVAVGGGGAAAAVVVVVAVAGAGAGVGVGVGGV混分法(MixandSplitSynthesis)AGGGAVGGGAAAAVVVVVMixSplitGGAAVVGAVGAVGAVGAVGGAGGVGAAAAVGVAVVV传统组合化学的不足之处O2NNNOFFFOEtOHNNNNOFFFOEtONNOFFClFOEtONNOFFFOEtONOMeNNOFFFOEtOHNONHNNOFFFOEtNNOFFFOEtOF3CNHNNOFFFOEtOHNNHNH2NHF3CNH2NHH2NNH2MeOO2NNH2NHNNOFFFOEtO如何获得天然产物样的结构多样性NHNHHHH3COOOOCH3OOCH3OCH3OCH3H3CONNHH3CH3COCH3OOCH3OHHOOCH3NCH3OCH3OHNHNHONHHH2CH3COOOCH3CH3OH3CONHOOHOH3CCH3OHOOOHOCH3OOHOH3COHCH3OCH3OOOHCH3OH3COHH3CCH3OOHCH3OCH3OHONH3CCH3CH3CH32'ReserpineQuinidineVinorelbinePaclitaxelerythromycin多样性导向合成(DiverseOrientedSynthesis,DOS)PrivilegedSubstructure-BasedDiversity-OrientedSynthesis(pDOS)基于优势子结构的多样性导向合成Kim,H.Org.Lett.,2013,15(22),pp5814–5817转化医学(TranslationalMedicine,frombenchtobedside,frombedtobench)FrombenchtobedsideSignal:straubtailNH3COOH3CAtropineEislebandSchaumann(1939)―straubtail‖Pethidine(Europe)Mepridine(NorthAmerica)NOOCH2OHH3C筛选解痉药Signal:WBCdecreaseVincarosea―降血糖植物”提取物无降血糖作用,但是许多实验大鼠死于急性败血症白细胞大量减少NHNOHCH3H3COOCNCHONOHCOOCH3OAcCH3HH3COFrombedtobenchBrBrNH2NCH3Signal:代谢产物BrBrNH2NHOH溴己新氨溴索体内生物转化降低痰液的黏性;用于支气管炎和呼吸道疾病黏痰溶解剂,作用强于溴己新;镇咳作用,活性为可待因的1/2;治疗分泌性中耳炎预防早产儿透明膜病肝脏负担转化率低对乙酰氨基酚的平反乙酰苯胺(退热冰)对乙酰氨基苯乙醚(非那西丁)对乙酰氨基酚(扑热息痛)Y1880s法国斯特拉斯堡大学内科学系肠道蠕虫病治疗错误用药的意外发现萘乙酰苯胺Y1886成立卡勒公司(法兰克福)Y1880s拜耳公司弗莱堡大学合作毒性低于退热冰长期使用产生肾毒性(Y1970s)代谢产物苯胺破坏血红素(高铁血红蛋白血症)Y1893拜耳公司合成并宣称可能会导致轻度高铁血红蛋白血症Y1950s耶鲁大学/哥伦比亚大学非那西丁在体内转化为扑热息痛发挥作用Y1953北美施德龄温莎大药厂上市儿童及胃溃疡患者安全杂质NHOCH3OH3CNHOCH3HONHCH3OH2NOHSignal:patientbehaviorPDE-Vinhibitors——松弛血管平滑肌H3CNNSOOOCH3HNNNNOCH3西地那非伟哥(万艾可®)高血压/心绞痛临床II期研究(1991年)失败FDA1998年批准上市(专利到期2011-2013)I型己酮可可碱血管扩张药III型米力农心衰治疗药IV型罗利普兰抗炎抗哮喘IXa型BAY73-6691老年痴呆糖尿病10A型PF-2545920抗精神病Neoc