12、古典时代的文学、艺术与哲学神明崇拜的背景•最重要的文学形式和艺术均与神明崇拜相关。戏剧是狄奥尼索斯神崇拜的活动雕塑和建筑的最大成就在于神像、圣地建筑及其雕塑装饰。希腊戏剧•我们现在熟悉的希腊戏剧形式是雅典人的创造,但它的起源更早,起源于诗歌和祭神仪式。drama(drao),“action”亚里士多德:《诗学》“悲剧起源于dithyramb歌队领队的即兴口颂,喜剧则来自生殖崇拜(phallika)活动中歌队领队的即兴口占,此种活动至今仍流行于许多城市。”•dithyramb是一种歌唱酒神狄奥尼索斯的合唱诗。据说是公元前7世纪后期的科林斯诗人Arion所创,由LasusofHermione带到雅典,509BC起成为狄奥尼索斯节上的竞赛节目。•悲剧(tragedy),tragoidia,“goatsong”,大概产生于公元前6世纪后期。据说ThespisofIcaria首先使用演员,在约533BC获得狄奥尼索斯节的悲剧大奖。Aeschylus增加第2名演员、Sophocles第3名。•喜剧(comedy,komoidia)于486BC首次见于城市狄奥尼索斯节。”revelsong”,“villagesong”。雅典的狄奥尼索斯节•“乡村狄奥尼索斯节”(RuralDionysia),每年12月举行。•“大狄奥尼索斯节”(或称“城市狄奥尼索斯节”),GreaterDionysia,每年3月举行。据说Peisistratus创建了这个节日,将狄奥尼索斯的崇拜圣地从Eleutherae搬到雅典。•Lenaea(勒那亚节),崇拜DionysusLenaios,约每年1月举行。•dithyramb竞赛:每个部落组成2个歌队参赛,一为少年歌队,一为成年男子歌队,由从本部落挑选出来的2位choregos分别负责。由抽签决定各部落歌队选择诗人和笛子伴奏者的次序,choregos还需雇佣一名歌队训练者。获胜者名单包括部落和choregos的名字,但不包括诗人的名字。•悲剧和喜剧竞赛:上演3部悲剧和5部喜剧,参赛的剧作家由纪名执政官/名年执政官(EponymousArchon)指定,他同时负责指定choregos,分配主演,主持评判团。•每位悲剧诗人参赛的悲剧由三部独立或相关的悲剧组成,称为“三部曲”(trilogy),外加一部半喜剧性的“羊人剧”(satyr-play)。早期剧作家本人往往就是主演。歌队12—15人组成,俱为男性公民。•戏剧竞赛完毕后,由评判团(10部落各推举1人,再从中抽签选出5人组成)评出悲剧和喜剧名次,获第1名的剧作家被授予长春藤花冠。从449BC年开始,最佳主演奖,还有最佳choregos奖。•从386BC年,可以上演旧悲剧,339BC后可以上演旧喜剧。悲剧诗人及其作品•Chaucer,CanteburyTales“Tragedyis,asoldbooksinformus,akindofstoryconcerningsomeonewhohasenjoyedgreatprosperitybuthasfallenfromhishighpositionintomisfortuneandendsinwretchedness.Tragediesarecommonlywritteninversewithsixfeet,calledhexameters.”•悲剧的结构:序幕(prologos,prologue),点明主题;歌队进场合唱(parodos);演员表演的场景(epeisodia,episodes);歌队合唱(stasima);尾声(exodus)。•Phrynicus,TheSackofMiletus(493BC,Themistocles为choregos),Phoenissae(‘PhoenicianWomen’,476BC)•埃斯库罗斯(Aeschylus,525—456BC)创作了约八、九十部悲剧,484BC首次获奖,共获13次大奖。《波斯人》(Persians(472BC)为现存最早的悲剧。《七将攻忒拜》(SevenAgainstThebes,467BC)Suppliants(《祈援人》,约463BC)PrometheusBound(《被缚的普罗米修斯》,不能确定上演时间)。•俄瑞斯提三部曲(Oresteiatrilogy,458BC)即Agamemnon、Choephoroi和Eumenides:PelopssoughttomarrythedaughterofKingOenomausofElisbydefeatinghiminachariotrace(helpedbyMyrtilus).Cursedforhisfraud.HissonsAtreusandThyestescompetedforthethroneofMycenae.ThyestescommittedadulterywithAtreus’wifeAerope.AtreusfeededThyesteswiththefleshofhissons.HisdescendantscursedbyThyestes,whoexiledbegetasonAegisthusonhisowndaughter.Athene:Mydutyistogivethefinalvote.WhenyoursArecounted,minegoestoupholdOrestes’plea.Nomothergavemebirth.Thereforethefather’sclaimAndmalesupremacyinallthings,savetogiveMyselfinmarriage,winsmywholeheart’sloyalty.Thereforeawoman’sdeath,whokilledherhusband,is,Ijudge,outweighedingrieviousnessbyhis.AndsoOrestes,ifthevotesareequal,winsthecase.•索福克勒斯(Sophocles,c.496—406/5BC),创作123部,现存7部《阿亚克斯》(Ajax,早期作品?)《安提格涅》(Antigone,442BC)《俄狄浦斯王》(OedipustheKing,430BC):LaiuscarriesoffPelops’sonwhilebeingarefugewithhim.Apollowarnsthataspunishmenthisownsonwillkillhim.OedipusrearedbykingofCorinth.Teiresias.《俄狄浦斯在科罗诺斯》(OedipusatColonus,c.405BC)《爱勒克特拉》(Electra)《特拉克斯的女人们》(WomenofTrachis)《菲洛克特特斯》(Philoctetes,409BC)•《安提格涅》(Antigone,442BC):Oedipus’sonsPolyneicesandEteocleskillseachotherfightingforthethroneofThebes.Creon(brotherofJocasta)forbidtheburialofPolyneices.Antigonedefiesthedecreeandwasprisonedinatomb.ShehangsherselfandHaemonkillshimselfbesideher.Creon:…Solethercryformercy,singherhymnstoZeuswhodefendsallbondsofkindredblood.…Butwhoeverstepsoutofline,violatesthelawsorpresumestohandoutorderstohissuperiors,he’llwinnopraisefromme.Butthatmanthecityplacesinauthority,hisordersmustbeobeyed,largeandsmall,rightandwrong.Anarchy——showmeagreatercrimeinalltheearth!She,shedestroyscities,ripsuphouses,breakstheranksofspearmenintoheadlongrout.Buttheoneswholastitout,thegreatmassofthemowetheirlivestodiscipline.Thereforewemustdefendthemenwholivebylaw,neverletsomewomantrumphoverus.Bettertofallfrompower,iffallwemust,atthehandsofaman—neverberatedinferiortoawoman,never.(655ff.)Creon:…Wereyouawareadecreehadfobiddenthis?Antigone:Wellaware.HowcouldIavoidit?Itwaspublic.Creon:Andstillyouhadthegalltobreakthislaw?Antigone:OfcourseIdid.Itwasn’tZeus,notintheleast,whomadethisproclamation—nottome.NordidthatJustice,dwellingwiththegodsbeneaththeearth,ordainsuchlawsformen.NordidIthinkyouredicthadsuchforcethatyou,ameremortal,couldoverridethegods,thegreatunwritten,unshakabletraditions.theyarealive,notjusttodayoryesterday:theyliveforever,fromthefirstoftime,andnooneknowswhenthefirstsawthelight.Theselaws—Iwasnotabouttobreakthem,notoutoffearofsomeman’swoundedpride,andfacetheretributionofthegods.DieImust,I’veknownitallmylife—…AndifIamtodiebeforemytimeIconsiderthatagain.Whoonearth,aliveinthemidstofsuchgriefasI,couldfailtofindhisdeatharichreward?(450ff.)JeanAnouilh’sAntigone(February,1944,Paris)BertoltBrecht’sAntigone(1948,Switzerland)Divinelaw/humanlaw,bloodties,consciousness•欧里彼得斯(Euripides,c.484-406BC),创作92部,现存17部。《阿尔刻提斯》(Alcestis,438BC,第2名)《美狄亚》(Medea,431BC,第3名)《希波吕托斯》(Hippolytus,428BC,第1名)“Forgive,son;wearehuman,wedowrongbynature.”《特洛伊的女人们》(TrojanWomen,415BC,第2名)《海伦》(Helen,412BC)《伊菲革涅娅在陶里斯》(IphigeneiainTauris,413/12BC)《祈援者》(Suppliants)《爱勒克特拉》(Electra,418?)《俄瑞斯提》(Orestes,408BC)《伊菲革涅娅在奥利斯》(IphigeneiaatAulis,405BC)《酒神的伴侣》(Bacchae,405BC)喜剧诗人•