复旦细胞生物学课件03细胞生物学技术

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Chapter3TechniquesinCellBiology普通光学显微镜(A)和荧光显微镜(B)的光路图。1.TheLightMicroscopyA.Preparationofspecimen:B.ResolutionandmagnificationTheresolvingpowerofamicroscopecanbedefinedintermsoftheabilitytoseetwoneighboringpointsinthevisualfieldasdistinctentities.N.A.:NumericalapertureLimitofresolutionofthelightmicroscope=0.2um(200nm)Max.usefulmagnification:500-1000?N.AFluorescenceMicroscopyDirectimmunofluorescencetechniqueFluorochrome:SuchasrhodamineorfluoresceinC.SpecialLightMicroscopesIndirectimmunofluorescencelebeledTchnique.Tostudythelocationofaspecificproteinwithinthecellbyusingoffluorescentantibody(antigen-antibodycouple).GFPcanbeusedtostudydynamicprocessesastheyoccurinalivingcell.ConfocalScanningLightMicroscopy激光扫描共焦显微镜的原理图A.激光束(光源)经双色镜反射后,通过物镜汇聚到样品某一焦点;B.从焦点发射的荧光(样品一般须经免疫荧光标记)经透镜汇聚成像,被检测器检出;C.通过样品其它部位的激光即激光发出的荧光不会聚焦成像,因而检测器不能检出。Inthelate1950sM.MinskyofMIT免疫荧光技术(A)和激光共焦显微镜技术(B)的比较Phase-contrastmicroscope相差显微镜Differential-interferencemicroscope微分干涉显微镜AcomparisonofyeastcellsthatweregrowingonthevaginalepitheliumseenwithdifferenttypesofLM.FluorescenceResonanceEnergyTransfer,FRETFRET技术是检测活体中生物大分子纳米级距离和纳米级距离变化的有力工具,可以检测某一细胞中两个蛋白是否存在直接的相互作用荧光共振能量转移原理图:供体蛋白与受体蛋白无相互作用(A)和有相互作用(B)时的荧光变化(距离在5-10nm的范围内)。FRET效率反映了体内两种蛋白是否直接相互作用及作用的强弱FluorescenceRecoveryAfterPhotobleaching,FRAP荧光漂白恢复原理:利用高能量激光束的照射使特定的区域的荧光发生不可逆的淬灭,通过非漂白区的荧光标记分子在膜上或胞浆中运动至光漂白区来完成光漂白区荧光的恢复。FRAP可以用于解决活细胞内包括蛋白定位,动力学以及与其他成分相互作用等一系列问题。Video-enhance(contrast)microscopyObservinglivingspecimens;Greatlyincreasethecontrastofanimagesothatverysmallobjectsbecomevisible.分辨本领光源透镜真空成像原理光学显微镜200nm可见光(波长400~700nm)玻璃透镜不要求真空利用样本对光的吸收形成明暗反差和颜色变化电子显微镜接近0.1nm电子束(波长0.01~0.9nm)电磁透镜1.33×10-3~1.33×10-5Pa利用样品对电子的散射和透射形成明暗反差电子显微镜与光学显微镜的基本区别TheresolvingpowerforLM;Theresolvingability(0.2nm)andresolvingpower(5nm)forTEM2.TransmissionElectronMicroscopyA.ThecomparisonofthelenssystemsofLMandTEM电子显微镜光成像原理A.透射电子显微镜剖面图。B.透射电子显微镜电子成像原理图。B.SpecimenPreparationforElectronMicroscopyThinSectioningforTEMThewaxsections:5um;ThePlasticultrathin-sectionsforTEM:50-100nmSectionsofLM:5um;SectionsofTEM:0.1μmsB.SpecimenPreparationforElectronMicroscopy固定:锇酸、戊二醛包埋:环氧树脂切片:玻璃、钻石作为切片刀材料,载网:铜网或镍网染色:重金属盐染色增加明暗反差锇酸:脂质;铅盐:蛋白质;醋酸铀:核酸Negativestainingandmetal-shadowing(金属喷涂)MetalShadowingallowssurfacefeaturestobeexaminedathighresolutionbyTEMExamplesofnegtivelystainedandmetal-shadowedspecimens.Electronmicrographsofatobaccorattlevirusafternegtivestainingwithpotassiumphosphotungstate(a)(磷钨酸钾)orshadowcastingwithchromium(b)(铬).Freeze–EtchingFracture冷冻蚀刻Freeze–FractureandEtchingReplication冷冻断裂蚀刻复型quickfreezedeepetching3.Scanningelectronmicroscope(SEM)ImagesofsurfacescanbeobtainedbySEM;Critical-pointdrying;Range:15-150,000Xs.Resolution:5nm4.TheScanningprobemicroscope(SPM)–Scanningtunnelingmicroscope(STM)Including:Scanningtunnelingmicroscope(STM),Atomforcemicroscope(AFM),Magneticforcemicroscope(MFM),Frictionforcemicroscope(FFM)STM的主要特点:(1)具有原子尺度的高分辨本领,侧分辨率为0.1~0.2nm,纵分辨率可达0.001nm;(2)可以在真空、大气、液体(接近于生理环境的离子强度)等多种条件下工作,这一点在生物学领域的研究中尤其重要;(3)非破坏性测量。因为扫描时不接触样品,又没有高能电子束轰击,基本上可避免样品的形变。用途:纳米生物学研究领域中的重要工具.5.TheFractionationandanalysisforCell'scontentsA.ThetechniqueofdifferentialcentrifugationStep-by-stepprocedureforthepurificationoforganellesbydifferentialcentrifugation.S=(dx/dt)/2x=1×10-13sec.用差速离心分离各细胞组分。在细胞匀浆物中,较小的细胞组分需要更大的离心力才能使其沉淀。1000g,10min,20000g,20min,高速:80,000g,1hr,150,000g,3hr。B.SubsequentpurificationbyDensity-GradientEquilibriumCentrifugationC.Isolation,purification,andfractionationofproteins:SelectivePrecipitation(ammoniumsulfate)LiquidColumnChromatography(柱层析)Ion-exchangeChromatographyGelFiltrationChromatography又称排阻层析或分子筛方法:交联的聚糖(如葡聚糖或琼脂糖)AffinityChromatographyPolyacrylamideGelElectrophoresisD.DeterminingProtein-ProteinInteractionImmunoblot:Western-BlotE.Localizationofaspecificproteinbyimmuno-electronmicroscopyImmuno-goldelectronmicroscopyF.NucleicacidhybridizationDeterminingthelocationofspecificDNAfragmentsinagelbyaSouthernblotFluorescentinsituHybridization(FISH)Isotope-labeledprobeorBiotin-labeledprobeG.EzymaticAmplificationofDNAbyPCR用原位杂交技术显示Z13基因在受精后1天的斑马鱼胚胎的体节、眼和松果体中的表达(箭号)。(张博惠赠)鸭瘟病毒感染鸡胚成纤维细胞24小时后,用3H-尿嘧啶核苷脉冲标记10分钟的电镜放射自显影图片。曝光时间90天,核仁(Nu)和细胞核的其它部位均有RNA合成。SG:银颗粒;N:细胞核;Nu:核仁;C:细胞质。(丁明孝,翟中和)2023/3/748Biochips)GeneMicroarray(6.ProteinstructuredeterminationA.X-rayCrystallographyAmajortechniquethathasbeenusedtodiscoverthethree-dimensionalstructureofproteinmolecules,atatomicresolution.B.NuclearMagneticResonance(NMR)SpectroscopyNMRtechniquehasbeenusedtostudythestructureofsmallprotein(MW200KD)orproteindomains.7.FlowCytometry流式细胞分选仪工作原理。(A)当含有单个细胞的液滴通过激光束时,带有不同荧光的细胞所在的液滴被充上正电荷、负电荷或不被充电。因带有不同表面标志的细胞所带的电荷的不同,当液滴通过高压偏转板时,液滴发生偏转,从而达到将细胞分选的目的。(B)显示流式细胞仪分析处在不同时相的Hela细胞的实验结果(2N:G1期,2N—4N:S期,4N:G2/M期)8.AutoradiographofLMandTEM9.TheTheCell'thesculturesandCell'sengineeringA.Primaryculturecellandsubculturecell:CellstrainandCelllineHeLa,BHK21(babyhamsterkidney),CHO(chinesehamsterovary);Twotypesofmorphes:fibroblastlikecellandepitheliallikecell;Protoplastcultureandantherculture在非洲爪蟾卵细胞提取物非细胞体系中加入λ噬菌体DNA诱导形成细胞核(N)(张博,翟中和

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