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硕士学位论文论文题目：先秦官吏考核制度演变探析AnalysisontheEvolutionofthePre-QinOfficialExaminationSystem作者姓名：作者学号：指导教师：论文密级：专业名称：中国古代史单位年级：政治与历史学院2010级完成日期：2013年4月研究生学院I先秦官吏考核制度演变探析中文摘要先秦时期是我国历史的开端，这一时期所确立的典章制度为后世典章制度的发展奠定了基础。其中，官吏考核制度作为先秦时期政治制度的一个重要方面，也在自身的产生、发展的演变过程之中为后来的考核制度提供了借鉴。由于远古史料匮乏，加之不同学者的认识角度不同，学界对官吏考核制度设立于何时有着不同的见解。本文认为我国古代官吏考核制度形成于西周时期。需要进一步说明的是，虽然考核制度设立于西周时期，但考核活动和考核现象却出现的更早。在前人研究基础之上，本文认为先秦官吏考核制度酝酿于传说时代，后随国家的建立、官员的出现而开始萌芽。经过不断地发展演变，至西周时期得以形成为一种比较成熟的制度。表现为出现了比较系统的考核主司；有了比较明晰的考核标准；确定了比较严格的考核时限；采用了比较完善的考核方式。春秋战国时期，考核制度随着社会的巨大变迁而发生着相应的变革。春秋时期随着旧制度的破坏而表现为不断调整，在考核主司、方式、内容与标准等方面都有所损益。战国时期随着各种新制度的确立而全面革新为一种官僚体制下的官吏考核制度。这一发展演变过程为秦汉时期更加成熟的官吏考核制度作了充分的准备。关键词：先秦时期；官吏考核；演变IIANALYSISONTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHEPRE-QINOFFICIALEXAMINATIONSYSTEMABSTRACTThepre-Qinperiodisthebeginningofourhistory,establishedthebaseofthisperiodofsystemdevelopmentforfuturegenerationsofinstitutions.Duetolackofunderstandingofancienthistoricalmaterials,anddifferentscholarshavedifferentpointofview,studiesoftheofficialexaminationsystemwasestablishedinwhentohavedifferentopinions.IthinkthatourcountryancientexaminationsystemformedintheWesternZhouDynastyofficial.Theneedforfurtherexplanationis,althoughtheappraisalsystemwasestablishedintheWesternZhouperiod,buttheexaminationandappraisalphenomenonhasappearedearlier.Onthebasisofpreviousresearch,thispaperthinksthattheofficialexaminationsysteminthelegendtimesafterbrewing,withthenationalestablishment,officialshavebeguntosprout.Aftercontinuousdevelopment,totheWesternZhouperiodwithslaverypoliticalform,matureandformedarelativelymaturesystem.Asthemainassessmentsystem;aclearassessmentstandards;comparisonofstrictexaminationtimelimitset;usedrelativelyperfectevaluationmethods.TheSpringandAutumnperiod,withthegreatsocialchangesandtheoccurrenceofacorrespondingchange.TheSpringandAutumnperiodwiththedestructionoftheoldsystemandperformanceforthecontinuousadjustment,inexaminingthemaindivision,mode,contentandstandards,and.IntheWarringstatesperiod,withtheestablishmentofnewsystemandcomprehensivereformasafeudalbureaucraticsystemundertheofficialexaminationsystem.TheprocessofdevelopmentandevolutionoftheQinandHanDynastiesmorematureaftertheofficialexaminationsystemwasfullypreparedKEYWORDS：Pre-Qinperiod；Officialexamination；EvolveIII目录前言..............................................................................................................................................1一、考核溯源..............................................................................................................................3二、夏商时期——官吏考核的萌芽..........................................................................................4三、西周时期——官吏考核制度的形成..................................................................................6（一）周天子对诸侯的考核...............................................................................................6（二）诸侯对属官的考核.................................................................................................10（三）史书所见“六观”考核法.........................................................................................10（四）金文所见西周官员的晋升.....................................................................................11四、春秋战国时期——考核制度的变革................................................................................13（一）春秋时期——考核制度的调整.............................................................................141.考核主司...................................................................................................................142.考核方式...................................................................................................................153.考核的内容与标准...................................................................................................18（二）战国时期——考核制度的革新.............................................................................191.革新的历史背景与理论基础...................................................................................202.御史——新考核官员的设置...................................................................................223.考核方式...................................................................................................................234.基层官吏的考核.......................................................................................................245.考核与奖惩...............................................................................................................256.举报制与连坐制——对考核制度的补充...............................................................26结语............................................................................................................................................28续论............................................................................................................................................29参考文献....................................................................................................................................30IVCONTENTSForeword...................................................................................................................................1Cha