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HENRYJAMES(1843-1916)Lifeawealthyculturedfamilyfather--aneminentphilosopherandreformerbrother--afamousphilosopherandpsychologistdevelopedalife-longfriendshipwithHowells,whobecamehis“moralpolice.“(道德榜样)HesettleddowninLondonin1876.IntheHarvardLawSchool,hereadFrenchnovelistsandcritics.HetouredEngland,FranceandItaly,andmetFlaubertandTurgenev.theculturalinfluenceofEuropeIn1915hebecameaBritishcitizen.PERSONALINFORMATION•HenryJameswasborninNewYorkin1843.•Hebelongedtoarichfamilywhocouldaffordtheprivatetutorsandgovernessesthateducatedhim,buthewasabovealla“devourerofbooks”.PERSONALINFORMATION•HewasthebrotherofphilosopherandpsychologistWilliamJames.•Attheageoftwenty-fivehewasrecognizedasthebestshortstorywriterinAmerica.•Henevermarried.PERSONALINFORMATION•FormanyyearshealternatedvisitstoEngland,FranceandItalytostaysintheUSA.•In1875hedecidedthatEuropewashisidealhomeandsettledinParis,wherehemetFlaubertandMaupassant.PERSONALINFORMATION•ThenhewenttoEnglandwherethemostwell-knownwritersoftheperiod,suchasConradandKipling,acceptedhimasafriendandappreciatedhisbooks.PERSONALINFORMATION•In1915hebecameBritishsubject.HediedinLondonin1916andwasburiedinMassachusetts.•In1976hisasheswereremovedtoPoets’cornerinWestminsterAbbey.Theauthorandhistime•Henevertookpartinpublicaffairsorshowedmuchinterestintheeconomicandsocialchangesoftheperiod.Theauthorandhistime•Hewasdeeplyinterestedinthecontrastbetweentheoldworldandthenewone,betweentheEuropeanwayoflife,whichheconsideredfascinating,sophisticated,richincultureandtraditionbutcorrupting,andtheAmericanonewhichheconsideredtoorigid,Puritanbutinnocent.Literarycareer:threestages•a.1865~1882:internationaltheme•TheAmerican《美国人》•DaisyMiller《黛西米勒》•ThePortraitofaLady《贵妇画像》•b.1882~1895:inter-personalrelationshipsandsomeplays•Thenovelsandplayswerepoorlyreceivedbuthegotabetterknowledgeofliterarytechniques.•c.1895~1900:novelsandtalesdealingwithchildhoodandadolescence,thenbacktointernationaltheme•TheTurnoftheScrew《螺丝在拧紧》•WhatMaisieKnew《梅西所知道的》•TheAmbassadors《奉使记》•TheWingsoftheDove《鸽翼》•TheGoldenBowl《金碗》Psychologicalnovel•Jameschangedthemethodofpresentationinanovel,shiftingthecentreofgravityfromactiontoitsintellectualandfantasticaspects:externalcircumstanceslosesignificancebeforetheinwardeventsthattakeplaceinasoul.Anewconceptoftheauthor•Jameseliminatestheauthorandgivesthereadertheillusionofbeingpresentatthesceneofaction.•Hepresentseventsandthemindsofthecharactersdirectly,withoutcommentsorexplanations:Dramatize,onlydramatize,ishislesson.James’sinternationalthemearesetagainstalargeinternationalbackground,usuallybetweenEuropeandAmericafocusontheconfrontationofthetwodifferentcultureswithtwodifferentgroupsofpeoplerepresentingtwodifferentvaluesystemshisfamerestsuponhisnovelswithnovelsAmericanpersonalitiesofEuropeanpersonalitiesofinnocence,enthusiasm,vulgarity,ignorance,unsophistication,freshness,freedom,individualityAmericanheroesandheroines,whoconfrontedEuropeansophistication,eithertriumphedoveritorwereoverwhelmed.over-refinement,degeneration,complexity,highcultivation,contrastwithJames’sliterarycriticism(文学评论)anindispensablepartofhiscontributiontheartistshouldwriteaboutanythingthatconcernshim,eventheuglyandthecommonplace“TheArtofFiction”《小说的艺术》isconcernedwithformdevotedtohumanvaluesArtmustberelatedtolifeTheonlyreasonfortheexistenceofanovelisthatitdoesattempttorepresentlifetheaimofthenovelistopresentlifeJames’sliterarytechniques1.“pointofview”视角Explainthesituationandcharacterthroughoneorseveralmindsreadersobserveeventsandpeoplethroughtheconsciousnessofcharactersandparticipateintheirexperiencemethod2.psychologicalanalysistheforerunnerofstream-of-consciousnessnovelsthefounderofpsychologicalrealismemphasizestheinnerawarenessandinwardmovementofcharactersStyle–“stylist”a.over-elaboratestyleb.Language:highly-refined,polished,(文雅)insightful,accuratec.Construction:complicated,intricatearenotthelikingofthecommonreaders•美国的亨利·詹姆斯是真正处于临界点的小说家。他在小说中选一个有洞察力的人物，从他的角度来叙述，以他的意识为“中心意识”，再选几个配角，象许多镜子一般从各个角度反照出叙述者的思想情绪。亨利·詹姆斯还提出了他的理论观点，认为小说是一个独立的、有生命的整体，它按照本身的内在规律而发展。他要求小说家充分尊重小说本身的内在规律，不要用主观的因袭程式或空洞的道德说教来破坏这种规律。•因此，他才要求作家退出小说，使小说具有更高的客观性和真实性。正是亨利·詹姆斯的理论，为第三代小说的诞生提供了美学上的依据，揭开了二十世纪西方小说发展的序幕。•美国的亨利·詹姆斯是真正处于临界点的小说家。他在小说中选一个有洞察力的人物，从他的角度来叙述，以他的意识为“中心意识”，再选几个配角，象许多镜子一般从各个角度反照出叙述者的思想情绪。亨利·詹姆斯还提出了他的理论观点，认为小说是一个独立的、有生命的整体，它按照本身的内在规律而发展。他要求小说家充分尊工小说本身的内在规律，不要用主观的因袭程式或空洞的道德说教来破坏这种规律。•因此，他才要求作家退出小说，使小说具有更高的客观性和真实性。正是亨利·詹姆斯的理论，为第三代小说的诞生提供了美学上的依据，揭开了二十世纪西方小说发展的序幕。ThePortraitofaLadyPreviewingquestions:•1.WhydidIsabelchooseOsmond?•2.Whydidshedecidetoreturntoherunhappymarriageattheendofthenovel?•3.Isabel’scharacters.•4.HowdidJamesshowtheconflictsbetweenAmericanandEuropeancultures?•5.Featuresinstyle.•6.Meaningofthetitle.•7.Themesofthenovel.•亨利·詹姆斯文笔典雅委婉，心理描写细腻，他的作品像一幢精心建构的建筑，结构宏大壮丽，细微之处也都很精致。•《贵妇人的画像》具有极大的审美享受，女主角伊莎贝尔聪明、美丽、贫穷，父亲死后从美国到英国，投靠姨父银行家杜歇，表哥拉尔夫很喜欢她，拉尔夫身患绝症，于是说服杜歇死后留给伊莎贝尔巨额遗产，希望表妹幸福。伊莎贝尔没有选择英国贵族沃伯顿爵士、美国企业家古德伍德，被默尔夫人骗了，嫁给了一个废物奥斯蒙德。默尔夫人和奥斯蒙德关系暧昧，伊莎贝尔十分痛苦，但是她喜欢、同情奥斯蒙德的女儿潘西，放弃了离开丈夫的想法。几个主角性格鲜明。拉尔夫是个好心无用的废物。奥斯蒙德貌似高雅，其实是个没良心的草包。默尔夫人工于心计，不择手段，还有点无赖。伊莎贝尔具