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会计报表中英文对照Accounting1.Financialreporting（财务报告）includesnotonlyfinancialstatementsbutalsoothermeansofcommunicatinginformationthatrelates,directlyorindirectly,totheinformationprovidedbyabusinessenterprise’saccountingsystem----thatis,informationaboutanenterprise’sresources,obligations,earnings,etc.2.Objectivesoffinancialreporting:财务报告的目标Financialreportingshould:(1)Provideinformationthathelpsinmakinginvestmentandcreditdecisions.(2)Provideinformationthatenablesassessingfuturecashflows.(3)Provideinformationthatenablesuserstolearnabouteconomicresources,claimsagainstthoseresources,andchangesinthem.3.Basicaccountingassumptions基本会计假设(1)Economicentityassumption会计主体假设Thisassumptionsimplysaysthatthebusinessandtheownerofthebusinessaretwoseparatelegalandeconomicentities.Eachentityshouldaccountandreportitsownfinancialactivities.(2)Goingconcernassumption持续经营假设Thisassumptionstatesthattheenterprisewillcontinueinoperationlongenoughtocarryoutitsexistingobjectives.Thisassumptionenablesaccountantstomakeestimatesaboutassetlivesandhowtransactionsmightbeamortizedovertime.Thisassumptionenablesanaccountanttouseaccrualaccountingwhichrecordsaccrualanddeferralentriesasofeachbalancesheetdate.(3)Timeperiodassumption会计分期假设Thisassumptionassumesthattheeconomiclifeofabusinesscanbedividedintoartificialtimeperiods.Themosttypicaltimesegment=CalendarYearNextmosttypicaltimesegment=FiscalYear(4)Monetaryunitassumption货币计量假设Thisassumptionstatesthatonlytransactiondatathatcanbeexpressedintermsofmoneybeincludedintheaccountingrecords,andtheunitofmeasureremainsrelativelyconstantovertimeintermsofpurchasingpower.Inessence,thisassumptiondisregardstheeffectsofinflationordeflationintheeconomyinwhichtheentityoperates.ThisassumptionprovidessupportfortheHistoricalCostprinciple.4.Accrual-basisaccounting权责发生制会计5.Qualitativecharacteristics会计信息质量特征(1)Reliability可靠性Foraccountinginformationtobereliable,itmustbedependableandtrustworthy.Accountinginformationisreliabletotheextendthatitis:Verifiable:meansthatinformationhasbeenobjectivelydetermined,arrivedat,orcreated.Morethanonepersoncouldconsiderthefactsofasituationandreachasimilarconclusion.Representationallyfaithful:thatsomethingiswhatitisrepresentedtobe.Forexample,ifamachineislistedasafixedassetonthebalancesheet,thenthecompanycanprovethatthemachineexists,isownedbythecompany,isinworkingcondition,andiscurrentlybeingusedtosupporttherevenuegeneratingactivitiesofthecompany.Neutral:meansthatinformationispresentedinaccordancewithgenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciplesandpractices,andwithoutbias.(2)Relevance相关性Relevantinformationiscapableofmakingadifferenceinthedecisionsofusersbyhelpingthemtoevaluatethepotentialeffectsofpast,present,orfuturetransactionsorothereventsonfuturecashflows(predictivevalue)ortoconfirmorcorrecttheirpreviousevaluations(confirmatoryvalue).(3)Understandability可理解性Understandabilityisthequalityofinformationthatenablesuserswhohaveareasonableknowledgeofbusinessandeconomicactivitiesandfinancialreporting,andwhostudytheinformationwithreasonablediligence,tocomprehenditsmeaning.(4)Comparability可比性Comparability:suggeststhataccountinginformationthathasbeenmeasuredandreportedinasimilarmannerbydifferententerprisesshouldbecapableofbeingcomparedbecauseeachoftheenterprisesisapplyingthesamegenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciplesandpractices.Consistency:suggeststhatanentityhasusedthesameaccountingprincipleorpracticefromoneperiodtoanother,therefore,ifthedollaramountreportedforacategoryisdifferentfromoneperiodtothenext,thenchancesarethatthedifferenceisduetoachangelikeanincreaseordecreaseinsalesvolumeratherthanbeingduetoachangeinthemethodofcalculatingthedollaramount.(5)Substanceoverform实质重于形式Substanceoverformemphasizestheeconomicsubstanceofaneventeventhoughitslegalformmayprovideadifferentresult.Itrequiresthatbusinessenterpriseshouldperformaccountingrecognition,measurementandreportinginaccordancewiththeeconomicsubstanceratherthanthelegalformofaneventortransaction.(6)Materiality重要性Informationismaterialifitsomissionormisstatementcouldinfluencetheresourceallocationdecisionsthatusersmakeonthebasisofanentity’sfinancialreport.Materialitydependsonthenatureandamountoftheitemjudgedintheparticularcircumstancesofitsomissionormisstatement.Decidingwhenanamountismaterialinrelationtootheramountsisamatterofjudgmentandprofessionalexpertise.(7)Conservatism谨慎性Conservatismdictatesthatwhenindoubt,choosethemethodthatwillbeleastlikelytooverstateassetsandincome,andunderstateliabilitiesandexpenses.(8)Timeliness及时性Timelinessmeanshavinginformationavailabletodecisionmakersbeforeitlosesitscapacitytoinfluencedecisions.Ifinformationbecomesavailableonlyafterthetimethatadecisionmustbemade,ithasnocapacitytoinfluencethatdecisionandthuslacksrelevance.6.Basicaccountingelements基本会计要素(1)Asset资产Anassetisaresourcethatisownedorcontrolledbyanenterpriseasaresultofpasttransactionsoreventsandisexpectedtogenerateeconomicbenefitstotheenterprise.(2)Liability负债Aliabilityisapresentobligationarisingfrompasttransactionsoreventswhichareexpectedtogiverisetoanoutflowofeconomicbenefitsfro