Copley政府与非营利组织会计10版Chapter1

EssentialsofAccountingforGovernmentalandNot-for-ProfitOrganizationsChapter1IntroductiontoAccountingandFinancialReportingforGovernmentalandNot-for-ProfitOrganizationsMcGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright©2013byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-2OverviewofChapter1WhystudyGNPaccountingDifferencesintheenvironmentthatcauseGNPaccountingtodifferfrombusinessaccountingGNPaccountingstandardsettersOverviewoffinancialstatementsFundTypes1-3WhyStudyGNPAccounting?GovernmentsandNFPorganizationshireaccountantsCPAfirmsandstatesengageaccountantstoperformtheirauditsAscitizensanddonorswewishtobetterunderstandhowtaxesandcharitabledonationsareused1-4DifferencesintheGNPEnvironmentOrganizationalPurposes:Governmentsexistforthewellbeingofcitizensbyprovidingpublicservices,notforthepurposeofgeneratingreturnstoowners.SourcesofRevenues:Governmentsderivemanyoftheirresourcesfromtaxesandothernon-exchangetransactions.1-5DifferencesintheGNPEnvironmentPotentialforLongevity:Governmentsveryrarelygoout-of-business.Thislongtermviewofoperationschangesthefocusofaccountingtoalonger-termfocusonthesustainabilityofservicesandtheabilitytomeetfuturedemand.RelationshipwithStakeholders:Governmentshaveanobligationtodemonstrateaccountabilityforpublicfunds.RoleoftheBudget:Governmentbudgetsoftencarrytheauthorityoflaw,preventingpublicofficialsfromspendingoutsidetheirbudgetaryauthority.1-6HowAccountingMustAdapttoGNPEnvironmentalDifferencesTraditionalviewoftheequityaccountsmustbemodifiedBudgetcompliancemaybemoreimportantthanincomemeasurementWhendowerecognizerevenuefornon-exchangetransactions?ReportsmustreflecttheexistenceofrestrictionsontheuseofcertainresourcesNon-financialperformancemeasuresarerelativelymoreimportant1-7U.S.STANDARDSETTERSFederallevelFASAB-FederalAccountingStandardsAdvisoryBoardGAO–GovernmentalAccountabilityOfficeU.S.TreasuryDepartmentOMB-OfficeofManagementandBudgetStateandLocalGovernment(SLG)GASB-GovernmentalAccountingStandardsBoardPrivate(non-governmental)Not-for-profitsFASB-FinancialAccountingStandardsBoard1-8STANDARDSETTERScont’dStateandLocal-GASBformedin1984CoversbasicgovernmentsandentitiesownedorcontrolledbygovernmentsPredecessor:NCGA-NationalCouncilonGovernmentalAccountingNot-for-profits-FASBformedin1973Coversnot-for-profitsnotrelatedtogovernmententities—privatenonprofithospitals,colleges,museums,etc.Predecessors:AccountingPrinciplesBoard(1959-1973)andCommitteeonAccountingProcedures(1939-1959)1-9AuthoritativeLiteratureStatements,Interpretations,andTechnicalBulletinsareprimaryliteraturethatspecifiesGAAP(generallyacceptedaccountingprinciples)However,inabsenceofadequateguidance,auditorsmaylookatotherdocumentsGAAPhierarchy(Illustration1-2)guidestheauditorinthepriorityofimportanceforaccountingguidance1-10StateandLocalGovernment:GAAPhierarchyCategoryGASB(STATEMENT55)StateandLocalGovernmentsA.GASBStatementsandInterpretationsB.GASBTechnicalBulletinsand,ifclearedbytheGASB,AICPAIndustryAuditandAccountingGuidesandStatementsofPositionC.AICPAPracticeBulletinsthathavebeenclearedbytheGASBD.Implementationguides(Q&As)publishedbytheGASBstaff,andpracticesthatarewidelyrecognizedandprevalentinstateandlocalgovernments.1-11ConceptsStatementsConceptsprojectbeganinthe1970stoguidethestandardsettersinestablishingGAAPConceptsstatementsguidethedevelopmentofnewstandardsThesearenotintendedasauthoritativeGAAP,conceptsstatementsbutareusedforguidanceonlyifnootherliteratureaddressesanissue1-12ConceptsStatementsAllthreestandardsettingbodieshaveaseriesofConceptsStatements:FASAB–federalgovernmentFASB–privateentitiesGASB–stateandlocalgovernments1-13FASABConcepts:ObjectivesforFederalFinancialReportsBudgetaryIntegrity—demonstratebudgetregulationswereadheredtoOperatingperformance—helpevaluateservice,efforts,andaccomplishmentsStewardship—showtheimpactonoperationsandinvestmentsSystemsandcontrols—indicatewhethertheyareadequate1-14FASBConceptsStatementNo.6:ObjectivesofNFPFinancialreportsMainObjectiveofNFPFinancialStatementsisToprovideinformationusefultopresentandpotentialresourcesprovidersandothersinmakingdecisionsaboutallocatingresourcestotheNFPorganizationWhichemphasizesthatDonors,governmentgrantorsandbanksareprimaryusers1-15GASBConceptsStatements:Statement#1–ObjectivesCitizenshavearighttoknowwhyresourcesarebeingraisedandhowtheywillbeusedGASB#1ObjectivesofFinancialStatements:oAllowcomparisonofactualwithbudgetedresultsoHelpusersassessfinancialconditionandresultsofoperationsoShowcompliancewithlaws,rulesandregulationsoAssistinevaluatingefficiencyandeffectiveness1-16ConceptStatement#2ServiceEffortsandAccomplishmentsReporting(coveredinChapter13)andamendedbyConceptsStatement5IncludesbothFinancialandNonfinancialmeasuresofperformance1-17ConceptStatement#3CommunicationMethodsinGeneralPurposeFinancialReportsthatContainBasicFinancialStatementsEstablishedtheframeworkforwhatinformationispresentedin:BasicFinancialStatementsNotesRequiredSupplementaryInformationSupplementaryInformation1-18HowDoGASB’sObjectivesDifferfromBusinessObje