贷款风险的控制

贷款风险的控制贷款风险控制的方法一般有以下几种：（1）贷款风险预防－－－银行事先采取相应的措施，阻止贷款风险的发生；－－－适用于任何一笔贷款的任何一个阶段在贷款前－－－分析借款人的信用和财务状况－－－分析借款人的经营前景和经营环境－－－分析预测借款人产品市场的趋势－－－进行贷款项目的可行性研究－－－发现和计量可能出现的各种风险－－－依据风险大小确定贷款与否和贷款多少－－－在权衡收益和风险之后，对于极不安全或者收益不足于抵补所承担风险的贷款采取回避－－－寻求贷款后的风险防范措在贷款发放和使用过程中－－－跟踪检查借款人的贷款使用状况－－－发现贷款使用不当，依法收回贷款，以减少风险－－－在承担风险后采取积极措施尽量减少风险发生的可能性，降低风险带来的破坏程度（2）贷款风险转移－－－银行通过某种方式（如银团贷款、担保贷款、抵押贷款）将贷款风险损失转嫁给他人来承担－－－是银行控制贷款风险的一种重要方法－－－将贷款风险转嫁给借款人－－抵押贷款－－－将贷款风险转嫁给担保人－－担保贷款－－－将贷款风险转嫁给保险公司－－贷款保险－－－通过其他的交易（如利率掉期、外汇掉期、金融期货、期权合约等等），将贷款风险转嫁出去（3）贷款风险分散－－－合理搭配贷款的种类－－贷款种类分散化（行业）－－－合理划分付款地区－－贷款地域投向分散化（空间）－－－合理搭配贷款的期限－－贷款期限分散化（时间）－－－合理搭配贷款项目－－贷款项目分散化－－－合理安排不同客户－－贷款客户分散化－－－参加银团贷款，分散风险（4）贷款风险管理－－－通过严格的贷款程序设计和贷款政策约束，以及加强事后监督与防范来降低贷款风险－－－银行根据贷款的使用进度逐笔核放贷款－－－对于数额较大、期限较长的贷款，采取一次核批，分次发放的方法－－－可以节约资金的投放，减少借款人的利息负担－－－有效地监督借款人合理使用贷款，防止贷款风险的产生－－－使产生的贷款风险降到最低程度－－－在贷款协议中设立保护性条款－－－要求借款人存入一定比例的补偿性存款－－－经常与借款人沟通，了解贷款的使用状况、借款企业的经营状况－－－一旦发现问题，及时采取补救措施－－－提取足额的坏帐损失准备金RiskManagementFrameworkofBankofMontrealCreditRiskA.Clearconmmunicationofcreditstandardsthroughpolicies,proceduresandtraining;----rigorousstandardsandprocessofaccreditationforalllendingandcreditofficerswithdiscretionarylendingauthoritycommensuratewithconpetenciesandexperiences----cleardefinitionofauthoritiesandaccountabilityateverystageofthelendingprocessB.disciplineddecision-making,consistingofadualtrackapproachtoriskassessmentwherebymostbusinessloansarereviewedbyaccountmanagersand,separately,byindependentcreditofficers;C.regularreviewbyacommitteeofseniorexecutiveofficersofalllargecreditsrecommendedbylinegroupsandaformalquarterlyreviewofallproblemaccounts;D.effectivemanagementofthebank’soverallloanportfoliotoensurebroaddiversificationofcreditriskandtolimitconcentrationinsinglesectorsoraccounts;E.continuousreviewofcreditandcreditmanagementprocessesbyanindependentauditgroup;F.applicationofanalyticaltoolandsystemstocapturerisk,mornitorpositions,andcommensuratewithrisk,includingthebank’sRAROCmethodology;PositionRiskA.centralizedmanagementofthebank’spositionriskswithtreasury.Authoritiesandaccountabilitiesformanagingandmonitoringthisriskareclearlydefinedwithintreasury;B.estabilishedprudentpositionriskpolicieswhichconstitutetheframeworkformanagingthelevelofinterestrateandforeignexchangeriskwithincontrollimits;C.bothpositionsandcontrollimitsaremonitoredregularlybyacommitteeofseniorofficers;D.applicationofanalyticaltoolssuchasgapanalysis,incomeandmarketvaluesensitivityandsimulationanalysis;E.theseprinciplesareappliedonaconsistentbasisacrossallrisksincludingassetsandloans,on-andoff-balancesheetexposuresofforeigncurrencyandinterestraterisk;F.alloftheseprinciplesarefurtherreinforcedbyastrongandeffectiveinternalauditfunction;G.corporateoversightofriskmanagementistheresponsibilityoftheRiskReviewCommitteeoftheBoardofDirectors;I.managementofassetqualitywithinthebankisbasedonthisoverallriskmanagementframework;J.thebankisconservativeinitslendingpolicieswhichrequirepromptrecognitionofproblemaccountsandtheirtransfertoagroupofspecialistsskilledinmanagingsuchaccounts;H.amanagementinformationsystemwhichprovidestimelyandaccurateinformationonbothcreditandpositionriskisanessentialcomponentofthebank’sriskmanagementprocess,thebankisfullycommittedtocontinualupgradingthissystem;K.collateralisrequiredoncertainloantransactions,collateraltypeandammountvariesbytypeofloansMeasuringandManagingFinancialRisksFinancialRiskTraditionalMeasuresLeadMeasuresManagementTechniques1.CreditriskLoans/assetsLoanconcentrationCreditanalysisNonperformingloans/loansLoangrowthCreditdocumentationLoanloss/loansHighlendingratesCreditcontrolReservesforloss/loansReservestonon-Specialriskassessmentperformingloans2.LiquidityriskLoans/depositsPurchasedfundsLiquidityplanLiquidityassets/depositsBorrowingcostContingencyplanLiquidityassetsCost/pricingmodelsBorrowings/depositsDevelopmentoffundingsources3.InterestriskInterest-sensitiveassets/GapbucketsDynamicgapmanagementinterest-sensitiveliabilitiesDurationDurationanalysisGap4.LeverageriskEquity/depositsRisk-adjustedassets/CapitalplanningequitySustainablegrowthanalysisEquity/assetsGrowthinassetsvs.DividendpolicyCapital/assetsgrowthinequityRisk-adjustedcapitaladequacy