11ManagerialAccounting-Student_财务管理_经管

PowerPointAuthors:SusanCoomerGalbreath,Ph.D.,CPACharlesW.Caldwell,D.B.A.,CMAJonA.Booker,Ph.D.,CPA,CIACynthiaJ.Rooney,Ph.D.,CPACopyright©2014byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.StandardCostsandVariancesChapter1111-2StandardCostsStandardsarebenchmarksor“norms”formeasuringperformance.Inmanagerialaccounting,twotypesofstandardsarecommonlyused.Quantitystandardsspecifyhowmuchofaninputshouldbeusedtomakeaproductorprovideaservice.Pricestandardsspecifyhowmuchshouldbepaidforeachunitoftheinput.Examples:Firestone,Sears,McDonald’s,hospitals,construction,andmanufacturingcompanies.11-3StandardCostsDirectMaterialDeviationsfromstandardsdeemedsignificantarebroughttotheattentionofmanagement,apracticeknownasmanagementbyexception.TypeofProductCostAmountDirectLaborManufacturingOverheadStandard11-4VarianceAnalysisCycle11-5SettingStandardCostsShouldweuseidealstandardsthatrequireemployeestoworkat100percentpeakefficiency?EngineerManagerialAccountantIrecommendusingpracticalstandardsthatarecurrentlyattainablewithreasonableandefficienteffort.11-6SettingDirectMaterialsStandardsStandardPriceperUnitSummarizedinaBillofMaterials.Final,deliveredcostofmaterials,netofdiscounts.StandardQuantityperUnit11-7SettingDirectLaborStandardsUsetimeandmotionstudiesforeachlaboroperation.StandardHoursperUnitOftenasinglerateisusedthatreflectsthemixofwagesearned.StandardRateperHour11-8SettingVariableManufacturingOverheadStandardsTherateisthevariableportionofthepredeterminedoverheadrate.PriceStandardThequantityistheactivityintheallocationbaseforpredeterminedoverhead.QuantityStandard11-9TheStandardCostCardAstandardcostcardforoneunitofproductmightlooklikethis:AAxBStandardStandardStandardQuantityPriceCostInputsorHoursorRateperUnitDirectmaterials3.0lbs.4.00$perlb.12.00$Directlabor2.5hours14.00perhour35.00Variablemfg.overhead2.5hours3.00perhour7.50Totalstandardunitcost54.50$B11-10UsingStandardsinFlexibleBudgetsStandardcostsperunitfordirectmaterials,directlabor,andvariablemanufacturingoverheadcanbeusedtocomputeactivityandspendingvariances.Spendingvariancesbecomemoreusefulbybreakingthemdownintoquantityandpricevariances.11-11AGeneralModelforVarianceAnalysisVarianceAnalysisPriceVarianceDifferencebetweenactualpriceandstandardpriceQuantityVarianceDifferencebetweenactualquantityandstandardquantity11-12QuantityandPriceStandardsQuantityandpricestandardsaredeterminedseparatelyfortworeasons:Thepurchasingmanagerisresponsibleforrawmaterialpurchasepricesandtheproductionmanagerisresponsibleforthequantityofrawmaterialused.Thebuyingandusingactivitiesoccuratdifferenttimes.Rawmaterialpurchasesmaybeheldininventoryforaperiodoftimebeforebeingusedinproduction.11-13VarianceAnalysisMaterialspricevarianceLaborratevarianceVOHratevarianceMaterialsquantityvarianceLaborefficiencyvarianceVOHefficiencyvarianceAGeneralModelforVarianceAnalysisQuantityVariancePriceVariance11-14AGeneralModelforVarianceAnalysisQuantityVariance(2)–(1)PriceVariance(3)–(2)(1)StandardQuantityAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardPrice(SQ×SP)(2)ActualQuantityofInput,atStandardPrice(AQ×SP)(3)ActualQuantityofInput,atActualPrice(AQ×AP)SpendingVariance(3)–(1)11-15AGeneralModelforVarianceAnalysisActualquantityistheamountofdirectmaterials,directlabor,andvariablemanufacturingoverheadactuallyused.QuantityVariance(2)–(1)PriceVariance(3)–(2)(1)StandardQuantityAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardPrice(SQ×SP)(2)ActualQuantityofInput,atStandardPrice(AQ×SP)(3)ActualQuantityofInput,atActualPrice(AQ×AP)SpendingVariance(3)–(1)11-16AGeneralModelforVarianceAnalysisStandardquantityisthestandardquantityallowedfortheactualoutputoftheperiod.QuantityVariance(2)–(1)PriceVariance(3)–(2)(1)StandardQuantityAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardPrice(SQ×SP)(2)ActualQuantityofInput,atStandardPrice(AQ×SP)(3)ActualQuantityofInput,atActualPrice(AQ×AP)SpendingVariance(3)–(1)11-17AGeneralModelforVarianceAnalysisActualpriceistheamountactuallypaidfortheinputused.QuantityVariance(2)–(1)PriceVariance(3)–(2)(1)StandardQuantityAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardPrice(SQ×SP)(2)ActualQuantityofInput,atStandardPrice(AQ×SP)(3)ActualQuantityofInput,atActualPrice(AQ×AP)SpendingVariance(3)–(1)11-18AGeneralModelforVarianceAnalysisQuantityVariance(2)–(1)PriceVariance(3)–(2)(1)StandardQuantityAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardPrice(SQ×SP)(2)ActualQuantityofInput,atStandardPrice(AQ×SP)(3)ActualQuantityofInput,atActualPrice(AQ×AP)SpendingVariance(3)–(1)Standardpriceistheamountthatshouldhavebeenpaidfortheinputused.11-19LearningObjective11-1Computethedirectmaterialsquantityandpricevariancesandexplaintheirsignificance.11-20GlacierPeakOutfittershasthefollowingdirectmaterialsstandardforthefiberfillinitsmountainparka.0.1kg.offiberfillperparkaat$5.00perkg.Lastmonth210kgs.offiberfillwerepurchasedandusedtomake2,000parkas.Thematerialscostatotalof$1,029.MaterialsVariances–AnExample11-21200kgs.210kgs.210kgs.×××$5.00perkg.$5.00perkg.$4.90perkg.=$1,000=$1,050=$1,029Quantityvariance$50unfavorablePricevariance$21favorableMaterialsVariancesSummaryStandardQuantityActualQuantityActualQuantity×××St