andCostAnalysisPartII(M-Grow-Hill,微观经济学

Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/IrwinProductionandCostAnalysis:PartIIChapter10Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-2LaugherCurveEconomistshaveforecastednineoutofthelast15recessions.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-3MakingLong-RunProductionDecisionsTomaketheirlong-rundecisions,firmslookatcostsofvariousinputsandthetechnologiesavailableforcombiningtheseinputs,andthendecidewhichcombinationoffersthelowestcost.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-4MakingLong-RunProductionDecisionsThefirmmakeslong-rundecisionsonthebasisoftheexpectedcosts,andexpectedusefulness,ofinputs.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-5TechnicalEfficiencyandEconomicEfficiencyTechnicalefficiencyisasituationinwhichasfewinputsaspossibleareusedtoproduceagivenoutput.Technicalefficiencyisefficiencythatdoesnotconsidercostofinputs.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-6TechnicalEfficiencyandEconomicEfficiencyTheeconomicallyefficientmethodofproductionisthatmethodthatproducesagivenlevelofoutputatthelowestpossiblecost.Itistheleast-costtechnicallyefficientprocess.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-7DeterminantsoftheShapeoftheLong-RunCostCurveThelawofdiminishingmarginalproductivitydoesnotholdinthelongrunsinceallinputsarevariableinthelongrun.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-8DeterminantsoftheShapeoftheLong-RunCostCurveTheshapeofthelong-runcostcurveisduetotheexistenceofeconomiesanddiseconomiesofscale.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-9ATypicalLong-RunAverageTotalCostTableQuantityTotalCostsofLaborTotalCostofMachinesTotalCosts=TCL+TCMAverageTotalCosts=TC/Q11121314151617181920$381390402420450480510549600666$254260268280300320340366400444$6356506707007508008509151,0001,110$58545250505050515356Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-10AveragetotalcostCostsperunit$64626058565452504811121314151617181920QuantityMinimumefficientlevelofproductionATypicalLong-RunAverageTotalCostCurveCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-11EconomiesofScaleThereareeconomiesofscaleinproductionwhentheper-unitoutputcostdecreasesasoutputincreaseswhenallinputsarechangeable.Inreal-worldproductionprocesses,economiesofscaleareextremelyimportantatlowlevelsofproduction.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-12EconomiesofScaleAnindivisiblesetupcostisthecostofanindivisibleinputforwhichacertainminimumamountofproductionmustbeundertakenbeforetheinputbecomeseconomicallyfeasibletouse.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-13EconomiesofScaleIndivisiblesetupcostscreatemanyreal-worldeconomiesofscale.Thecostofablastfurnaceoranoilrefineryisanexampleofanindivisiblesetupcost.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-14EconomiesofScaleBecauseoftheimportanceofeconomiesofscale,businesspeopleoftentalkofaminimumefficientlevelofproduction.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-15EconomiesofScaleTheminimumefficientlevelofproductionistheamountofproductionthatspreadssetupcostsoutsufficientlyforfirmstoundertakeproductionprofitably.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-16EconomiesofScaleTheminimumefficientlevelofproductionwillbeatthebeginningoftheconstantreturnsportionoftheaveragecostcurve—whereaveragetotalcostsareataminimum.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-17EconomiesofScaleTheminimumefficientlevelofproductionisreachedoncethesizeofthemarketexpandstoasizelargeenoughsothatfirmscantakeadvantageofalleconomiesofscale.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-18DiseconomiesofScaleDiminishingmarginalproductivityreferstothedeclineinproductivitycausedbyincreasingunitsofavariableinputbeingaddedtoafixedinput.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-19DiseconomiesofScaleDiseconomiesofscalerefertodecreasesinproductivitywhichoccurwhenthereareequalincreasesofallinputs(noinputisfixed).Diseconomiesofscaleoccurontherightsideofthegraphofthelong-runaveragecostcurvewhereitisupwardsloping,meaningthataveragecostisincreasing.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-20DiseconomiesofScaleAsthesizeofthefirmincreases,monitoringcostsgenerallyincrease.Monitoringcostsarethoseincurredbytheorganizerofproductioninseeingtoitthattheemployeesdowhattheyaresupposedtodo.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin10-21Asthesizeofthefirmi