第2章负债.............................................12.1流动负债························································································12.1.1短期借款·················································································12.1.2应付票据·················································································22.1.3应付账款·················································································32.1.4预收账款·················································································72.1.5代销商品款··············································································82.1.6应付工资·················································································92.1.7应付福利费············································································112.1.8应付股利···············································································122.1.9应交税金···············································································132.1.10其他应交款············································································242.1.11其他应付款············································································252.1.12预提费用···············································································262.1.13待转资产价值·········································································262.1.14预计负债···············································································272.2长期负债······················································································282.2.1长期借款···············································································282.2.2应付债券···············································································312.2.3长期应付款············································································332.2.4专项应付款············································································35第2章负债负债,是指过去的交易、事项形成的现时义务,履行该义务预期会导致经济利益流出公司,集团及其成员公司的负债按流动性,分为流动负债和长期负债。2.1流动负债流动负债,是指将在1年(含1年)或者超过1年的一个营业周期内偿还的债务。流动负债包括短期借款、应付票据、应付账款、预收账款、应付工资、应付福利费、应付股利、应交税金、其他暂收及应付款项、预提费用和一年内到期的长期借款等。2.1.1短期借款本科目核算公司向银行或其他金融机构、集团财务公司、集团公司等借入的期限在1年以下(含1年)的各种款项。借入的期限在一年以上的各种借款,在长期借款科目核算,不在本科目核算。本科目期末贷方余额,反映公司尚未偿还的短期借款的本金。本科目分别设置“集团财务公司”、“外部银行及其他金融机构”、“内部资金结算中心”二级明细科目,“外部银行及其他金融机构”还按照债权人设置三级明细科目,进行明细核算。2.1.1.1借入各种短期借款经有权机构批准,根据签订的贷款合同及银行的收款通知入账,短期借款应当按照借款本金计量:借:银行存款贷:短期借款2.1.1.2归还各种短期借款根据贷款合同的贷款归还时间及归还金额,按照支票存根等原始凭证入账:借:短期借款贷:银行存款2.1.1.3预提及支付短期借款利息(1)按照贷款合同确定的利率及计息期按期计提利息,计入当期损益:借:财务费用——利息支出——短期贷款贷:预提费用(2)依据贷款合同规定的偿还利息日期,根据银行的贷款利息计算单,支付利息:借:财务费用预提费用贷:银行存款2.1.2应付票据本科目核算公司购买材料、商品和接受劳务供应等而开出、承兑的商业汇票,包括银行承兑汇票和商业承兑汇票。应付票据是由出票人签发的,委托付款人在指定日期无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。本科目期末贷方余额,反映公司持有尚未到期的应付票据本息。公司还应对应付票据进行辅助核算,设置备查簿,详细登记每一应付票据的种类、号数、签发日期、到期日、票面金额、合同交易号、收款人姓名或公司名称,以及付款日期和金额等资料。应付票据到期结清时,应当在备查簿中逐笔注销。2.1.2.1开出汇票应付票据应当按照票据面值加应付利息计量,按照确定的利率按期计提利息,计入当期损益。开出、承兑商业汇票或以承兑商业汇票抵付货款、应付账款,并根据汇票存根联:借:物资采购、原材料、库存商品等应付账款应交税金—应交增值税—进项税额贷:应付票据2.1.2.2支付银行手续费根据集团财务公司或银行承兑汇票手续费的原始单据:借:财务费用(实际支付款项)贷:银行存款2.1.2.3计提利息根据应付票据的本金及利率,按月预提应付票据利息借:财务费用贷:应付票据2.1.2.4票据到期(1)票据到期后支付本息,根据集团财务公司或银行的付款通知支付本息:借:应付票据(应付票据账面余额)财务费用(未计提的应付票据利息)贷:银行存款(实际支付金额)(2)应付票据到期,无力支付票款,根据应付票据的账面余额转为应付账款核算。带息应付票据,转入“应付账款”科目核算后,不再计提利息:借:应付票据(应付票据账面余额)贷:应付账款2.1.3应付账款本科目核算公司因购买材料、商品、固定资产和接受劳务等而应付给供货单位的款项。基建工程中应付工程款、应付器材款、应付有偿调入器材及工程款等也在本科目核算。应付账款入账时间应根据所购买物资的所有权转移或接受劳务已发生确定。应付账款按应付金额入账,如果购入的资产在形成一笔应付账款时是带有现金折扣的,应付账款入账金额的确定按发票上记载的应付金额的总值(即不扣除折扣)记账。本科目期末贷方余额,反映公司尚未支付的应付账款。本科目分别设置“关联公司”和“非关联公司”二级明细科目;公司还按照供货单位设置三级明细科目,进行明细核算。2.1.3.1购入材料、商品,或接受劳务公司购入材料、商品等验收入库,但货款尚未支付,根据账单、随货发票等记载的金额做如下处理:借:物资采购应交税金—应交增值税—进项税额贷:应付账款(总价)若未收到发票等可暂估入账,账务处理如下:借:物资采购贷:应付账款接受供货单位提供劳务而发生的应付未付款项,根据供货单位的发票账单等:借:生产成本、管理费用等贷:应付账款2.1.3.2支付应付账款(1)未享受现金折扣时,按总价支付应付账款,根据授权批准的付款通知、购货发票、支票存根或银行的付款通知:借:应付账款贷:银行存款(实际支付的款项)(2)享受现金折扣时,按扣除现金折扣后的金额支付应付账款,现金折扣计入财务费用。据购货合同的现金折扣率计算现金折扣,根据授权批准的付款通知、购货发票、支票存根或银行的付款通知:借:应付账款贷:银行存款(实际支付的款项)财务费用(应享有的现金折扣)(3)以商业汇票抵付应付账款,经授权批准向银行申请银行汇票后,根据“银行汇票申请书存根联”或银行的付款通知:借:应付账款贷:应付票据(4)不用支付的应付账款,经过授权批准将无法支付的应付账款转入资本公积:借:应付账款贷:资本公积—其他资本公积2.1.3.3以债务重组方式偿还应付款项以低于债务账面价值的现金清偿债务,支付的现金小于应付债务账面价值的差额,计入资本公积。依据双方签订的债务重组协议、银行支票存根等:借:应付账款(应付债务的账面余额)贷:银行存款(实际支付的现金)资本公积—其他资本公积(应付债务与实际支付现金差额)以短期投资、存货、长期投资、无形资产等非现金资产清偿债务的,按应付债务的账面价值结转。应付债务的账面价值与用于抵偿债务的非现金资产账面价值的差额,作为资本公积,或者作为损失计入当期营业外支出。根据双方签订的债务重组协议,出库单等:借:应付账款(按应付债务的账面余额)短期投资减值准备、存货跌价准备、其他资产减值(跌价)准备贷:短期投资、存货、其他资产(换出资产的账面余额)银行存款、或应交税金(应支付的相关税费)借:营业外支出—债务重组损失贷:资本公积—其他资本公积以存货清偿债务的时候,存货按计划成本核算的公司,还应结转材料成本差异,同时把相应的增值税销项税额计入。以固定资产清偿债务,应通过“固定资产清理”科目进行相关业务的核算。以债务转为资本的,应当分别以下情况处理:股份有限公司,按债权人放弃债权而享有股份的面值总额作为股本,按应付债务账面价值与转作股本的金额的差额,作为资本公积;其他公司,按债权人放弃债权而享有的股权份额作为实收资本,按债务账面价值与转作实收资本的金额的差额,作为资本公积。根据双方签订的债务重组协议:借:应付账款(应付债务的账面余额)贷:实收资本、股本(债权人放弃债务而享有的股权份额)资本公积—资本或股本溢价(按两者差额)修改其他债务条件进行债务重组的,修改其他债务条件后未来应付金额小于债务重组前应付债务账面价值的,应将其差额计入资本公积;如果修改后的债务条款涉及或有支出的,应将或有支出包括在未来应付金额中,含或有支出的未来应付金额小于债务重组前应付债务账面价值的,应将其差额计入资本公积。在未来偿还债务期间内未满足债务重组协议所规定的或有支出条件,即或有支出没有发生的,其已记录的或有支出转入资本公积。修改其他债务条件后未来应付金额等于或大于债务重组前应付债务账面价值的,在债务重组时不作账务处理。对于修改债务条件后的应付债务,按本制度规定的一般应付债务进行会计处理。以修改其他债务条件进行债务重组的,修改其他负债条件后未来应付金额小于债务重组前应付账款账面价值的,应将其差额计入资本公积,借记本科目,贷记“资本公积—其他资本公积”科目。本制度所称的或有支出,是指依未来某种事项出现而发生的支出。未来事项的出