Chap_02像经济学家一样思考(39)

ThinkingLikeanEconomist像经济学家一样思考Chapter2Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheEconomistasaScientist作为科学家的经济学家Theeconomicwayofthinking...经济学思考方法…Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.客观地分析与思考。Makesuseofthescientificmethod.利用科学的方法。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheScientificMethodUsesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.Developstheories,collects,andanalyzesdatatoprovethetheories.Observation,TheoryandMoreObservation!Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.科学方法利用抽象的模型帮助解释复杂的真实世界如何运行。形成理论，收集并分析数据来验证理论。观察,理论，更多的观察Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.EconomicModelsEconomistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworldTwoofthemostbasiceconomicmodelsinclude:TheCircularFlowModelTheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.经济模型经济学家利用模型来简化真实世界，使我们更好地理解这个世界。两个最基本的经济学模型是：循环流向图生产可能性边界Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheCircular-FlowModel经济循环流向图Thecircular-flowmodelisasimplewaytovisuallyshowtheeconomictransactionsthatoccurbetweenhouseholdsandfirmsintheeconomy.循环流向图——一个直观地说明一个经济体内家庭和企业之间的经济交易行为的简单方式。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheCircular-FlowDiagramFirmsHouseholdsMarketforFactorsofProductionMarketforGoodsandServicesSpendingRevenueWages,rent,andprofitIncomeGoods&ServicessoldGoods&ServicesboughtLabor,land,andcapitalInputsforproductionHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.经济循环图企业家庭生产要素市场物品与劳务市场支出收入工资、租金和利润收入销售商品和服务购买商品和服务劳动、土地和资本生产投入Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheCircular-FlowDiagram经济循环图FactorsofProduction生产要素Inputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices用于生产物品与劳务的投入Land,labor,andcapital土地、劳动和资本Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierTheproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphshowingthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtechnology.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.生产可能性边界生产可能性边界——表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier生产可能性边界QuantityofComputersProducedQuantityofCarsProduced3,0001,0002,0002,200A70060030001,000BCDProductionpossibilitiesfrontier电脑产量汽车产量生产可能性边界Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.ConceptsIllustratedbytheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierEfficiencyTradeoffsOpportunityCostEconomicGrowthHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.生产可能性边界阐明的概念效率权衡取舍机会成本经济增长Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomicsMicroeconomicsfocusesontheindividualpartsoftheeconomy.HowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarketsMacroeconomicslooksattheeconomyasawhole.Howthemarkets,asawhole,interactatthenationallevel.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.微观经济学与宏观经济学微观经济学的研究对象是经济中的个体家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在特定市场上相互交易。宏观经济学研究经济总体现象。从总体上看，各种市场在国家水平上如何相互影响。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TwoRolesofEconomists经济学家的两个角色Whentheyaretryingtoexplaintheworld,theyarescientists.当他们努力去解释世界时，他们是科学家。Whentheyaretryingtochangetheworld,theyarepolicyadvisors.当他们想要改变世界时，他们是政策顾问。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.PositiveversusNormativeAnalysisPositivestatementsarestatementsthatdescribetheworldasitis.CalleddescriptiveanalysisNormativestatementsarestatementsabouthowtheworldshouldbe.CalledprescriptiveanalysisHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.实证分析与规范分析实证表述是企图描述世界是什么的观点。被称为描述性分析。规范表述是企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。被称为命令性分析。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.??PositiveorNormativeStatements?实证性还是规范性表述？Anincreaseintheminimumwagewillcauseadecreaseinemploymentamongtheleast-skilled.提高最低工资水平会导致最低技能工人的就业减少。Positive实证性Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.????PositiveorNormativeStatements?实证性还是规范性表述？Theincomegainsfromahigherminimumwageareworthmorethananyslightreductionsinemployment.提高最低工资水平得到的利益比由此带来的稍微的就业减少造成的损失大Positive规范性Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.EconomistsinWashington......serveasadvisersinthepolicymakingprocessofthethreebranchesofgovernment:LegislativeExecutiveJudicialHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.华盛顿的经济学家......在以下三个政府部门的政策制定过程中充当顾问：立法行政司法Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.EconomistsinWashingtonSomegovernmentagenciesthatcollecteconomicdataandmakeeconomicpolicy:DepartmentofCommerce•BureauofLaborStatistics•CongressionalBudgetOffice•FederalReserveBoard•©2001byHarcourt,Inc.华盛顿的经济学家一些收集经济数据并制定经济政策的政府部门:商务部•