8THEDATAOFMACROECONOMICS宏观经济数据MeasuringaNation’sIncome一国收入的衡量Chapter23Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheEconomy’sIncomeandExpenditure经济的收入与支出Foraneconomyasawhole,incomemustequalexpenditurebecause:对一个整体经济而言,收入必定等于支出,因为:Everytransactionhasabuyerandaseller.每一次交易都有买者和卖者。Everydollarofspendingbysomebuyerisadollarofincomeforsomeseller.某个买者的1美元支出就是某个卖者的1美元收入Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheMeasurementofGDPGDP的衡量GDPisthemarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.GDP是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.GDP的衡量“GDP是市场价值...”产出按市场价格来评价。“...所有的...”GDP只包括最终物品的价值,而不包括中间品的价值(价值只能计算一次)。“...物品与劳务...“它既包括有形的物品(食物、衣服、汽车),也包括无形的劳务(理发、打扫房屋、医生出诊)。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.GDP的衡量“...生产的...”它包括现期生产的物品与劳务,并不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。“...一个国家之内...”它衡量的生产价值是在一个国家的地理范围之内。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheMeasurementofGrossDomesticProduct国内生产总值的衡量“...InaGivenPeriodofTime.”“…在某一既定时期内…”Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionthattakesplacewithinaspecificintervaloftime,usuallyayearoraquarter(threemonths).它衡量某一既定时期内进行的生产的价值,通常这个时期是一年和一个季度(三个月)。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.国民总收入国民总收入(GNP)是一国永久居民(称为国民)所赚到的总收入。GNP与GDP不同之处在于包括本国公民在国外赚到的收入,而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.THECOMPONENTSOFGDPGDP的组成部分GDPincludesallitemsproducedintheeconomyandsoldlegallyinmarkets.GDP包括一个经济体生产并在市场上合法销售的所有物品与劳务。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.THECOMPONENTSOFGDPWhatIsNotCountedinGDP?GDPexcludesmostitemsthatareproducedandconsumedathomeandthatneverenterthemarketplace.Itexcludesitemsproducedandsoldillicitly,suchasillegaldrugs.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.GDP的组成部分什么未计算在GDP之内?GDP不包括在家里生产和消费而没有进入市场的大多数商品和服务。GDP不包括非法生产和销售的项目,如毒品。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheComponentsofGDPGDP的组成部分GDP(Y)isthesumofthefollowing:GDP(Y)是以下项目之和:Consumption(C)消费(C)Investment(I)投资(I)GovernmentPurchases(G)政府购买(G)NetExports(NX)净出口(NX)Y=C+I+G+NXHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheComponentsofGDPGDP的组成部分Consumption消费(C):Thespendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousing.家庭除了购买新住房以外用于物品与劳务的支出。Investment投资(I):Thespendingoncapitalequipment,inventories,andstructures,includingnewhousing.用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出,其中包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheComponentsofGDPGovernmentPurchases(G):Thespendingongoodsandservicesbylocal,state,andfederalgovernments.Doesnotincludetransferpayments.NetExports(NX):Exportsminusimports.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.GDP的组成部分政府购买(G):地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出。政府购买不包括转移支付。净出口(NX):出口减进口Table1GDPandItsComponentsCopyright©2004South-Western中国GDP的结构?Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.GDPandItsComponents(2001)Consumption69%GovernmentPurchases18%NetExports-3%Investment16%Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.RealversusNominalGDP实际GDP与名义GDPNominalGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatcurrentprices.名义GDP——按现期价格计算的物品与劳务产出的价值量。RealGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatconstantprices.实际GDP——按不变的基年价格计算的物品与劳务产出的价值量。Table2RealandNominalGDP实际与名义GDPCopyright©2004South-Western年热狗的价格热狗的数量汉堡的价格汉堡的数量2001$1100$2502002$2150$31002003$3200$4150Table2RealandNominalGDP实际与名义GDPCopyright©2004South-Western计算名义GDP:2001($1/个热狗X100个)+($2/个汉堡X50个)=¥2002002($2/个热狗X100个)+($3/个汉堡X50个)=¥6002003($3/个热狗X100个)+($4/个汉堡X50个)=¥1200Table2RealandNominalGDP实际与名义GDPCopyright©2004South-Western计算实际GDP(基年为2001年):2001($1/个热狗X100个)+($2/个汉堡X50个)=¥2002002($1/个热狗X100个)+($2/个汉堡X50个)=¥3502003($1/个热狗X100个)+($2/个汉堡X50个)=¥500Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.GDPDeflatorGDP平减指数TheGDPdeflatormeasuresthecurrentlevelofpricesrelativetothelevelofpricesinthebaseyear.GDP平减指数衡量相对于基年价格的现期物价水平。IttellsustheriseinnominalGDPthatisattributabletoariseinpricesratherthanariseinthequantitiesproduced.GDP平减指数说明在名义GDP增长中,多少归因于价格的上升而不是产量的增加。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.100X)deflator(GDP)GDP(Nominal=GDPReal20xx20xx20xxConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDP将名义GDP转换成实际GDPNominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:转换如下:Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.GDPDeflatorGDP平减指数100GDPRealGDPNominal=deflatorGDPTheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:GDP平减指数计算如下:Table2RealandNominalGDP实际与名义GDPCopyright©2004South-Western计算GDP平减指数:2001($200/$200)X100=1002002($600/$350)X100=1712003($1200/$500)X100=240Figure2RealGDPintheUnitedStatesBillionsof1996Dollars$10,0009,0008,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0001970197519801985199020001995Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.GDPandEconomicWell-BeingGDP和经济福利GDPisthebestsinglemeasureoftheeconomicwell-beingofasociety.GDP是社会经济福利一个最好的衡量指标。GDPperpersontellsustheincom