Chap_23宏观经济数据(经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语)

8THEDATAOFMACROECONOMICS宏观经济数据MeasuringaNation’sIncome一国收入的衡量Chapter23Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Microeconomics微观经济学Microeconomicsisthestudyofhowindividualhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractwithoneanotherinmarkets.微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Macroeconomics宏观经济学Macroeconomicsisthestudyoftheeconomyasawhole.宏观经济学研究整体经济。Itsgoalistoexplaintheeconomicchangesthataffectmanyhouseholds,firms,andmarketsatonce.宏观经济学的目标是解释同时影响许多家庭、企业和市场的经济变化。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.MacroeconomicsMacroeconomicsanswersquestionslikethefollowing:Whyisaverageincomehighinsomecountriesandlowinothers?Whydopricesriserapidlyinsometimeperiodswhiletheyaremorestableinothers?Whydoproductionandemploymentexpandinsomeyearsandcontractinothers?Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.宏观经济学宏观经济学回答以下问题：为什么一些国家平均收入高，而另一些国家平均收入低?为什么一些时期物价上升迅速，而另一些时期物价较为稳定?为什么一些年份生产和就业扩大，而另一些年份收缩？Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheEconomy’sIncomeandExpenditure经济的收入与支出Whenjudgingwhethertheeconomyisdoingwellorpoorly,itisnaturaltolookatthetotalincomethateveryoneintheeconomyisearning.当判断经济富裕还是贫穷时，观察经济中所有人赚到的总收入是自然而然的。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheEconomy’sIncomeandExpenditure经济的收入与支出Foraneconomyasawhole,incomemustequalexpenditurebecause:对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出，因为：Everytransactionhasabuyerandaseller.每一次交易都有买者和卖者。Everydollarofspendingbysomebuyerisadollarofincomeforsomeseller.某个买者的1美元支出就是某个卖者的1美元收入Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)isameasureoftheincomeandexpendituresofaneconomy.Itisthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.TheMeasurementofGrossDomesticProductHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.国内生产总值(GDP)衡量一个经济体的收入和支出。国内生产总值(GDP)是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终商品（物品）与服务（劳务）的市场价值。国内生产总值的衡量Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheMeasurementofGrossDomesticProduct国内生产总值的衡量Theequalityofincomeandexpenditurecanbeillustratedwiththecircular-flowdiagram.收入等于支出可以由经济循环图来说明。Figure1TheCircular-FlowDiagramSpendingGoodsandservicesboughtRevenueGoodsandservicessoldLabor,land,andcapitalIncome=Flowofinputsandoutputs=FlowofdollarsFactorsofproductionWages,rent,andprofitFIRMS•Produceandsellgoodsandservices•Hireandusefactorsofproduction•Buyandconsumegoodsandservices•OwnandsellfactorsofproductionHOUSEHOLDS•Householdssell•FirmsbuyMARKETSFORFACTORSOFPRODUCTION•Firmssell•HouseholdsbuyMARKETSFORGOODSANDSERVICESHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.图1.经济循环图企业家庭生产要素市场商品和服务市场支出(=GDP)收入=(DGP)工资、租金和利润(=GDP)收入(=GDP)销售商品和服务购买商品和服务劳动、土地和资本生产投入Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheMeasurementofGDPGDP的衡量GDPisthemarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.GDP是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheMeasurementofGrossDomesticProduct“GDPistheMarketValue...”Outputisvaluedatmarketprices.“...OfAllFinal...”Itrecordsonlythevalueoffinalgoods,notintermediategoods(thevalueiscountedonlyonce).“...GoodsandServices...“Itincludesbothtangiblegoods(food,clothing,cars)andintangibleservices(haircuts,housecleaning,doctorvisits).Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.GDP的衡量“GDP是市场价值...”产出按市场价格来评价。“...所有的...”GDP只包括最终物品的价值，而不包括中间品的价值（价值只能计算一次）。“...物品与劳务...“它既包括有形的物品（食物、衣服、汽车），也包括无形的劳务（理发、打扫房屋、医生出诊）。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheMeasurementofGrossDomesticProduct“...Produced...”Itincludesgoodsandservicescurrentlyproduced,nottransactionsinvolvinggoodsproducedinthepast.“...WithinaCountry...”Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionwithinthegeographicconfinesofacountry.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.GDP的衡量“...生产的...”它包括现期生产的物品与劳务，并不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。“...一个国家之内...”它衡量的生产价值是在一个国家的地理范围之内。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheMeasurementofGrossDomesticProduct国内生产总值的衡量“...InaGivenPeriodofTime.”“…在某一既定时期内…”Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionthattakesplacewithinaspecificintervaloftime,usuallyayearoraquarter(threemonths).它衡量某一既定时期内进行的生产的价值，通常这个时期是一年和一个季度（三个月）。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.THECOMPONENTSOFGDPGDP的组成部分GDPincludesallitemsproducedintheeconomyandsoldlegallyinmarkets.GDP包括一个经济体生产并在市场上合法销售的所有物品与劳务。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.THECOMPONENTSOFGDPWhatIsNotCountedinGDP?GDPexcludesmostitemsthatareproducedandconsumedathomeandthatneverenterthemarketplace.Itexcludesitemsproducedandsoldillicitly,suchasillegaldrugs.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.GDP的组成部分什么未计算在GDP之内？GDP不包括在家里生产和消费而没有进入市场的大多数商品和服务。GDP不包括非法生产和销售的项目，如毒品。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.OtherMeasuresofIncome其他收入衡量指标GrossNationa