【精品文档】中级宏观经济学_范金_

::(CIP)/:,2004(/)ISBN7-80207-032-5.........F015CIP(2004)092099:811:[phone]:100038::::::787mm960mm/1624.7544420041212004121:14000:3900:ISBN7-80207-032-5/F33,,:2:[phone]:100836,,,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,l2,,,,2070,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,20048,:,,,,18(DavidHume),:PQ=MV,,,1776l2(AdamSmith)(TheWealthofNations),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,:,20,(DavidRicardo)(JohnStuartMill)(AlfredMarshall)(ArthurCecilPigou),,2030,:?,,,,,?(JohnMaynardKeynes)1936,(TheGeneralTheoryofEmployment,Interest,andMoney),l3,,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,,2060,,(FrancoModigliani)(LauranceKlein)(JamesTobin)(JohnHicks),2070,,,(MiltonFriedman)(1976),,,,,,,GDP,,,l42060,:,,;,,,,60,(R.W.Clower)(R.J.Barro)(H.I.Grossman)(J.P.Benassy),,(RationingEquilibrium),2070,,,(RobertLucas,1995),,,,:,,,(marketclearing),,,,,,,,,l5:?,,,,?,,,???,,,,,,??,,,,,,2070,8010%80,,,??2090,,?,,,?l6,,,?,,?,,,:,,,,,,,():18701990120,56,,,,199220,,,196819902211%,195019681850%,7080,,,,l7,,,,19291945,19291933,30%19391944,,,1945,,,,197319751981198219901991,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1933,249%,,,,,,2090,6%,,,,,,1989,l8,,,,,,,,1993,,1996,10%,10%,2080,,1000%,,,,,,,,()1978,,20%,,,,l9,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,(),:,(EconomicAgents):(Expectations),,,l10()(GDP)(),()(),,,(),,;,GDPGDP,,()GDPGDP(GDP,GDP),20;24GDP,GDP24,20GDP(OutputMethod)GDP,,,24,4(24-20),20,24,GDP(ValueaddedMethod),24,,,,,l11,,,,,1,,:,,,,,,,,:==++(11),,,,,,,,1-1l12:(11),,,(11),():==+(12),,,1-1,,,,,10,10,()2(12),:,,(),(,,)(ExpenditureMethod),(C),(G),(I),(),PC,C;PI;I;PG,G;PX,X;PM,IM,PcC,PII,PGG,PXX,PMIM,:GDP=PcC+PII+PGG+(PXX-PMIM)(13),:,PXX-PMIM,l13(ValueaddedMethod),,,()(Incomes),(DomesticIncome,DI);,:DI,GDP,,,,(GDP),(NetDomesticProduct,NDP)NDPDI,GDP,(Net-of-taxPrices);,NDP,DI()(GDP)(GNP),(),,,,,,,,,,,,,l14,(),,,,,1-21-1,,1-2,,,l15,(),()200,10,190,10200,190,,10,,(),(),,,,,,,,,NFP()(),:GNP=GDP+NFP(14),(NFP0),,(),,,,,:(1),,,(MonetaryEconomy)(),,,l16,,(),,(2),1000,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,(IntercountryComparisonProject,ICP),,,1980240,11360473(473=11360/240),ICP,1ICP,,1980614,26,(185),,,,,(,)(AmartyaSen),,l17,1780(1989)2540(),,,,,,,10%;,10%(),10%(),(),,,,,N;,,PcC,:PcC=P1C1+P2C2+P3C3++PNCN(15),(Pc);t(Pct):P=1(P1tP10)+2(P2tP20)+3(P3tP30)++N(PNtPN0)(16),1,2,3,,N1P10P20P30(0)(CPI),(Consumptionl18PriceDeflator),0,10,t,,:P1t/P10=P2t/P20=P3t/P30==PNt/PN0=2tP=2,,,,Ct():Ct=Pct=PctCtPct(17),,(PI)(PG),(PX)(PM)(),,,,,,P(GDP)Q():GDP=PQ(18)PQ(,P,,PC)Q:(12),(timeseries),Pc,c,IGXIM,1,l19,(Q):Q=C+I+G+(X-IM)(19)(19),Q,(110),(18),GDPP,P:P=GDPQ(110),,,Q,GDPQP,GDPGDP(ImplicitGDPPriceDeflator),(FlowsandStocks),(Cadillacs),,,2000,,20001231:,,,(),(,)(InvestmentSpending),:K=K-1+I(111a)l20,K,(K-1),(K-K-1)(I),(depreciation),DN,(111a)(111b):K=K-1+I-DN(111b)I,I-DN,(K-K-1)I-DN19907450,5760,1690:,,,,,,,,(),-S,(W),199030000,()24000,,199019896000,:W-W-1=S(112),WS()-(CA)(NIIP)(NetInternationalInvestmentPosition),(FlowVariable),,(,),l21(NIIP)NIIP,;,,NIIP,,,,-:NIIP=NIIP-1+CA(113)NIIP-NIIP-1CA2080,(1980NIIP1409)1982,,NIIP()-DgDEF(),(IncomeTransfers),,,,1-11-1::=(K)(I-DN)K-K-1=I(W)(S)W-W-1=S(NIIP)(CA)NIIP-NIIP-1=CA(Dg)(DEF)Dg-Dg-1=DEF,,,,,,(DEF0),(Dg);l22(DEF0),,:Dg-Dg-1=DEF(114),,,:,,,(IntertemporalChoice),,,,,(NetPresentValues),10%,11101,091(1/11),,1,,091,,10%,11091083,1,083110110=10,174(091+083),1,11174,i,(Y1,2Y2,3Y3,,NYN)Y1,Y1/(1+i),Y2,Y2/(1+i)2N,:l23PV=Y1(1+i)+Y2(1+i)2+Y3(1+i)3++YN(1+i)N(115),I0Y,,(PV)I0,(NPV):NPV=-I0+Y1(1+i)+Y2(1+i)2+Y3(1+i)3++YN(1+i)N(116)NPV,;,(,),Y,()PV:PV=Y(1+i)+Y(1+i)2+Y(1+i)3++Y(1+i)N+(117a),,:1+a+a2+a3++aN+=11-a(117a):Y(1+i)[1+a+a2+a3++aN+]:a=1/(1+i),PV=Y(1+i)11-a,:PV=Yi(117b),,,;,l24,,Ye,Ye+1Y(Ye+1,),Ye+1=1000,1000,,,,,,,,(StaticExpectation):Ye+1=Y(118)(AdaptiveExpectations),,YeY,(Y-Ye),,Ye,Ye+1:Ye+1=Ye+(Y-Ye)(119):01(119),,YY:Ye+1=(1-)Ye+Y(120),=0,:Ye+1=Ye=1,,:Ye+1=Y,,,,,,l25,,,,(RationalExpectationsHypothesis),Ye+1,,,;,,,,,,,,(,,),(),,,,,l26,,,1,,,()()(),,10%10%,10%,,,,GDP,-:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,l27,1??2??abcd3????4,??5207080,?,?6??7,:P1=5,P2=10,P3=151990()Q1=20,Q2=25,Q3=10a?b,c1991P1=6,P2=12,P3=17,()Q1=21,Q2=27,Q3=111990GDP??d?8?al28bcd9,??10,100,50,a10%,?b15%,??11?12,,()(),,,,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,l30,,,,;,,,,,,:;;;:(SNA)SNA()SNA,,,,,,,SNA,2-12-4l3112-1(1)()(9)(2)(18)473107L(3)(6)(4)(12)(5)(16)40080100x580L580x22-2(6)()(3)(7)(15)(8)(19)400388T(9)(1)(10):(13)(11)(17)473-4013#446°446Q32-3(12)(4)(13):(10)(14)(20)80-40-2Ø(15)(7)38a38À38al3242-4(16)(5)(17)(11)10013(18)(2)(19)(8)(20)(14)1078-2x113L113x,,,,,,,SNA(2-5)2-512{3×441B7400{80Ø1004580¾2B747338{134446¾3B78{-40Ø38¾4B7107-2Ø133¾580446{38Ø1134,,,,(2-6),,,,,l332-61ª23’45z6î7J1áÖ693L2áÖ400Ø80L100À3áÖ473d-40L13À4áÖ693ð38Ø44464x5áÖ107d8Ø-2L6áÖ44L7áÖ775L()1,,,,,,,,,,,,(1),,,,,,,,:1),l34,,,,SNA(),,,,A:a();b;c;d,B:a;b2)a,,;b;c,;d,3)4)5)()a;b;c,,(2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,l35:(),,,,,(),,,,,,1),:AB(),,,C,D,()2),,,,:A;B,C,D,,,3)l36(),,,,4):a.;b.,,2-12,,,,,,,,,l37,,,(1)(),,,,,,,(2),,(3),,,,(4),,?(1),,,,,,(2),,,(3),,;,,,,,l383,(),,,,,,,(,)(),,(),,,,,,,SNA,,,(),,,4,,;;,;,,,,,,:=++=+=++,,l39,,,,,;,,,SNA,,171600,,,,,(),,,,:,,1MPSSNA(MPS),:(),V+M,,()l40(SNA),,:()(),:MPS,SNA,,,,,,,,,,,,,2,,,SNA,,:1),,,,,,,,l41,,,,,,,()2),,,,,,,,()()()(),,,,,,,,,,,