世界经济学Ⅱ

1/9TheWorldEconomyTutor:QiangLuoStudent:SibeiLu2/91Introduction……….………………...………………………………32Gainsfrominternationaltrade……………………………………….33Thefreetrade……………………………………………/…………..34Absoluteandcomparativeadvantage………………….…………….35Reasonoftradebarriers…………………………………………46Tradebarriers……………………………..…………………………47UsesofTheWorldTradeOrganisation(WTO)……………….…….58TheroleofEuropeanUnioninpromotingtrade…………………….59Compositionofthebalanceofpayments……………………………510GeneraltrendsinUKtrade…………………………………………611Thebalanceofpaymentsaffectedbyexchangerates………………712AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofthesinglecurrencyoftheUK…..713Twoeffectsonindividualsandbusinessesofsinglecurrency……...714CharacteristicsofLessDevelopedCountries(LDCs)……………...815ThetwocurrentissuesthatfaceLDCs……………………………..816ImpactsofmultinationalsonNewlyIndustrializedCountriesandLDCs………………………………………………………………..917Conclusion………………………………………………………….918Reference…………………………………………………………...93/9IntroductionInthisreport,Iwillintroducefreetraderelevantorganizationswithexample,suchaswhatisfreetrade,whatareitsbenefitsandsoon.Theresourcesofthisreportwillbebasedonknowledgegotinthelessonsandtheinformationondifferentwebsite.GainsfrominternationaltradeNow,manycountriesstrivetodevelopinternationaltrades,whichbecauseitbringmanybenefitstopeople.Firstly,theresourcesaroundtheworldareusedefficientlybecauseofinternationaltrades,andtosupportmorechancesofdevelopmenttomanycountries,forexample,thecostofriceislowerinChinathanotherdevelopedcountries,andChinacanexportricetochangesomeproductsthatproduceinChinawithhighcost.Secondly,internationaltradecanmakeenhancethecompetition,creativityandspiritofinnovationofenterprisesandcountries,forexample,ChinatookpartinWOT,automobileindustrygotstrongimpactofimportedcarwithlowtaxation,butthenthereappearsomeChineseautomobilebusinesssuchasBYDandGEELY.Thirdly,somedevelopingcountriescanraisecapitalbyinternationaltradetoreducethegapbetweendevelopedcountries.Forexample,inthelast30years,exportingisthemainmethodtopusheconomicgrowthinChina,andithadobviouseffect.ThefreetradeFreetradeisasystemoftradepolicythatallowstraderstotradeacrossnationalboundarieswithoutinterferencefromtherespectivegovernments.Underafreetradepolicy,pricesarereflectionoftruesupplyanddemand,andarethesoledeterminantofresourceallocation.Forexample,manyfruitsthatareproducedinTaiwanaretreatedbyzerotariff,andfrom12thSeptember2010,thereareanotherfivekindsoffruitgotthistreatment,thisisakindoffreetrade.AbsoluteandcomparativeadvantageAbsoluteadvantageissaidtooccurwhenonecountycanproduceagoodorservicetoapre-determinedqualitymorecheaplythananothercountry.ComparativeadvantageistheoriginalbasisforInternationalTrade,althoughtherearenowsomequalificationstheoriginalconcept.Forexample:4/9TableT-shirtCountryA2402160CountryB601800WewillclearlyseethatCountryAhasanabsoluteadvantageoverCountryBinbothcommodities.ButtheadvantageithasismuchgreaterforTable.ForCountryAthecostof1Tableis9balesofT-shirt,whichis2160/240ForCountryBitis30,whichis1800/60ButifwelookatthecaseofT-shirtthenwewillfindthathereforCountryAthecostofabaleofT-shirtis1/9ofatractor,andCountryBitis1/30.Intermsoftheoutputoftableforegone,T-shirtischeaperinCountryBthaninCountryA,soCountryBhasacomparativeadvantageinT-shirt.ReasonoftradebarriersFirstly,tradebarrierisameasuretoprotectsomeindustriesthatareinfantorsunriseandwithoutcompetitionthatarecomparedwithforeignbusiness.Forexample,BarackObama,theAmericanpresident,decidetoimposepunitivetaxoftirethatisimportedbyChinafor3years,andthefirsis35%oftax.Secondly,astheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandards,peopleincreasinglycareabouttheimpactsofproductsonhealthandsafety,thustherearemanytradebarriersabouthealth,safetyandhygiene,forexample,theEuropehashighhealth,safetyandhygienestandardsofChineseexportingfoods,theremanyChinesebusinesscannotmeetthestandardsandthengiveuptoexportfoodstoEurope.TradebarriersTradebarriersaregovernment-inducedrestrictionsoninternationaltrade.Suchasembargoesthatareanextremeformofbarrierandusuallyrelatewithpolitic.AresolutionwaspassedbytheUnitedNations,whichisimplementingoilandweaponembargoes.Itiswellknown,oilindustryisthemainstayindustryofLibya.ItwillbringstrongimpacttoLibya.Subsidiesarepaymentbygovernmenttoproducers,veryoftenagriculturaltoreducethecostsofsupplyingproducts.Forexample,Europeangovernmentofferssubsidiestofarmerstoprotectagriculture.5/9UsesofTheWorldTradeOrganisation(WTO)TheWorldTradeOrganisation(WTO)isanorganisationthatintendstosuperviseandliberalizeinternationaltrade.ThenatureofWTOisthroughnegotiationsofmulti-lateraltophasedowntradebarriersandthenachieveinternationaltradeofliberalization,andresolveconflictsoftradingbetweencountries.Forexample,AmericalitigatedChineseenterprisesdumpingofgoods(WarmwaterShrimpanddiamondsawblade),andtakethemeasurethatzeroing,theChinesesidethinksitisunfairandbreaktheruleofWTOandapplyingforWTOtosetexpertgroup.ThisexampleshowclearthatWTOisveryimportantplatformtoresolvetradedisputes.TheroleofEuropeanUnioninpromotingtradeTheEuropeanUnion(EU)isaneconomicandpoliticalunionof27independentmemb