北大微观经济学讲义(张元鹏)chapter_1

Chapter11IntermediateMicroeconomicsOutline©2005MOLChapter12„„„„„„Chapter13Chapter14„I„I„I„I„“”“”Chapter15„I„„„„„„Chapter16„II„„“”„“”“”„“”“”„„“”„Chapter17„III„„„„„„„Chapter18„IV„„„„„„„Chapter19„„„„„„„„Chapter110„„„„„Chapter111„„„„„„————Chapter112„„„„„„Mas-Colell&WhinstonVarianChapter113„„„„„„Chapter114„WalterNicholson,MicroeconomicTheory:BasicPrinciplesandExtension,8thEdition,Southwestern,20021999——„Chapter115„HalVarian,IntermediateMicroeconomics:AModernApproach,6thEdition,Norton,20031994„2001„JamesM.HendersonandR.E.Quandt,MicroeconomicTheoryAMathematicalApproach,McGraw-HillBookCo.1980(1988)Chapter116„„3„80%„15%„5%Chapter11795791214192192628101010121719241031112Chapter118117911161821112328113012512712141219,2226,28Chapter119„„„:microeconomics.nease.net„Chapter120TheEndChapter121LastRevised:September.4,2005Chapter122ChapterOneIntroduction©2005MOLChapter123Chapteroneincludes:„1.1DefiningMicroeconomics„1.2EconomicTheoriesandModels„1.3TheMathematicsofOptimization„1.4Demand-SupplyModelChapter124OutlineofThisChapter()„Thischaptermainlyprovidesomebackgroundsforthestudyofmicroeconomics.„Whatismicroeconomics„Thegeneralapproachusedinmicroeconomics.„Howeconomistsdeviseandverifysimplemodelsofeconomicactivity.„PositiveAnalysisandNormativeAnalysis„ThebasicSupply-DemandModel()„SomeMathematicalMethodsthatcanbeusedtosolvemaximization(andminimization)problem.Chapter125Readingsaboutthischapter„Nicholson:Chapter1,2,P1-61„Zhang(2005)Chapter1,P1-18„Henderson&Quandt:P450-493Chapter126Chapteroneincludes:„1.1DefiningMicroeconomics„1.2EconomicTheoriesandModels„1.3TheMathematicsofOptimization„1.4Demand-SupplyModelChapter1271.1DefiningMicroeconomics„Economics„ThestudyoftheallocationofscarceresourcesamongalternativeendusesScarcity()AlternativeendusesChoiceEconomicsChapter128MapoftheProcessofEconomicActivities()Chapter129DefiningMicroeconomics(1)„Economicsiscomposedoftwobranches:„Microeconomics„ConsumerandFirmbehaviors„OutputandinputMarket„Macroeconomics„Economicgrowth„Inflation„UnemploymentChapter130DefiningMicroeconomics(2)„Microeconomicsdealswith:„Behaviorofindividualunits——Consumers„WhenConsuming„MaximizingUtility„Howwechoosewhattobuy——„Behaviorofindividualunits——Firms„WhenProducing„MaximizingProfit„Howwechoosewhattoproduce——Chapter131DefiningMicroeconomics(3)„Microeconomicsdealswith:„Markets:Theinteractionofconsumersandproducers„OutputMarket(ProductMarket)„InputMarket(FactorMarket)Chapter132„„„Chapter133Chapteroneincludes:„1.1DefiningMicroeconomics„1.2EconomicTheoriesandModels„1.3TheMathematicsofOptimization„1.4Demand-SupplyModelChapter1341.2TheoriesandModelsChapter1351.2MicroeconomicAnalysisTheoriesandModels„MicroeconomicAnalysis„Theories()„ModelsChapter1361.2.1Theories(1)„Theoriesareusedtoexplainobservedphenomenaintermsofasetofbasicrulesandassumptions.„„„Chapter1371.2.1Theories(2)BasicAssumptionsofMicroeconomicTheories„AssumptionofSelf-interest()„AssumptionofRationalBehavior()„AssumptionofScarcity()Chapter1381.2.1Theories(3)MicroeconomicTheories„ThePrincipleofOpportunityCost()„ThePrincipleofOptimizing„ThePrincipleofEqualMargin„ThePrincipleofDiminishingBenefits(UtilitiesorReturns)„ThePrincipleofExternalitiesChapter1391.2.2Models(1)„Models:„Chapter1401.2.2Models(2)„TheProcessesofConstructingModel„1.DefinitionoftheProblem()„2.FormulationofHypotheses„(Cause-Effect)(Tentative)„(Assumption).theceterisparibus.Chapter1411.2.2Models(3)„3.ExplanationorPrediction„4.Verification„5.AcceptModelornot?Chapter142TheProcessofConstructingModelChapter1431.2.2Models4„GeneralFeaturesofMicroeconomicModel:„1.TheCeterisParibusAssumption„2.OptimizationAssumption„Consumers——Maximizingtheirownwell-being.„Firms——MaximizingProfits„Governmentregulator——MaximizingpublicwelfareChapter1441.2.2Models(5)„3.PositiveandNormativeDistinction„PositiveAnalysis()istheuseoftheoriesandmodelstoexplainhowresourcesactuallyareallocatedinaneconomy„Trytoanswer:Whatis„Forexample:„Whatwillbetheimpactofanimportquotaonforeigncars?Chapter1451.2.2Models(6)„PositiveandNormativeDistinction„Normativeanalysisistheoriesthatmakevaluejudgmentsabouthowtheeconomicresourceshouldbeallocated„Trytoanswer:“Whatoughttobe?”„Forexample:„Whethershouldanimportquotabeusedonforeigncarsornot?Chapter1461.2.3HowEconomistsVerifyTheoreticalModels„Twomethodsareused„DirectApproach:TestingAssumptions:Verifyingeconomicmodelsbyexaminingvalidity()oftheassumptionsonwhichtheyarebased.„IndirectApproach()TestingPredictions:Verifyingeconomicmodelsbyaskingiftheycanaccuratelypredictreal-worldeventsChapter147TestingAssumptions„Oneapproachwouldbetodetermineiftheassumptionsarereasonable„Theobviousproblemisthatpeoplehavedifferingopinionregardingreasonable„Empiricalevidencecanalsobeused„ResultsofsuchmethodshavehadproblemssimilartothosefoundinopinionpollsChapter148TestingPredictions„Economists,suchasMiltonFriedmanarguethatalltheoriesrequireunrealisticassumptions()„Thetheoryisonlyusefulifitcanbeusedtopredictreal-worldevents„Eveniffirmsstatetheydon’tmaximizeprofits,iftheirbehaviorcanbepredictedbyusingthisassumption,thetheoryisuseful