卫生经济学用到的微观经济学工具(1)

MICROECONOMICTOOLSFORHEALTHECONOMICS„Economics„Microeconomics:studythedecisionsofindividualhouseholdandfirm„——GNPMacroeconomics:studytheeconomyasawhole—GNP,unemployment,andinflation„HealthEconomics„Usemicroeconomicstools„Studythedecisionsofindividualpatient,healthcareprovider,andinsurancecompanyTheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier„PPF„Differentmaximumoutputcombinationsofgoodsorservicesthatcanbeobtainedfromafixedamountofresources„Trade-off„Thechoicebetweenalternativeusesforagivenquantityofresources„Opportunitycost„ThebestalternativeforgoneTheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier„Onlytwogoodsproduced„HealthGoods„OthergoodsHealthGoodsOtherGoods020118215311465005101520250246TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontieri.A100001B7502501C5005001D2507501E010001E1000ABCDE10000750500250750500250TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierii.1000AF10000BCDE200400600800980917800600A10000--B9802000.10C9174000.32D8006000.92E6008001.00F010003.00E0.535„Theschedulebelowdescribesahypotheticalproductionpossibilitiesbetweenhealthandallothergoods.„a)Drawtheproductionpossibilitiescurve.„b)Calculatetheopportunitycostofhealthandothergood.Listthemateachoutputgiveninthetable.„c)Whydoestheopportunitycostincrease?„d)OnthePPFcurve,findapointtoshowthatthiseconomyismoreemphasisonhealthproduction.HealthGoodsOtherGoods02722441861080Demand„Demand„Therelationshipbetweenquantitydemandedanditsprices„Quantitydemanded„Theamountthatconsumersplantobuyduringagiventimeperiodataparticularprice„TheLawofDemand„Otherthingsbeingequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodorservicevariesinverselywithitsprice„MarketDemand„thesumofalltheindividualdemandTheLawofDemand024681012140510152021741461188105122Q=201.5PDemand„Factorsthatchangedemand„Tastesandpreferences„Income„normalgood„inferiorgood„Pricesofrelatedgoodsandservices„substitutes„complements„#ofbuyers„Insurance„ExpectationPQDD’’D’Supply„Supply„Therelationshipbetweenquantitysuppliedanditsprices„TheLawofSupply„Thequantitysuppliedofagoodandservicevariesdirectlywithitsprice„MarketSupply„thesumofalltheindividualsupplyTheLawofSupply0246810121405101520.54365.5881010.51213Q=21.25PSupply„Factorsthatchangesupply„Technologicalprogress„Pricesofinputs„Pricesofrelatedgoodsorservices„#ofsellers„ExpectationSPQS’’S’MarketEquilibrium„Equilibriumprice„Thepriceatwhichthequantitydemandedofagoodorserviceisexactlyequaltothequantitysupplied0SDP*=8Q*=8Q=20-1.5PQ=-2+1.25PP*=8Q*=8MarketEquilibrium„Surplus„QuantitysuppliedexceedsquantitydemandedP1PQ0SDQ1Q2Q1-Q2MarketEquilibrium„Shortage„QuantitydemandedexceedsquantitysuppliedPQ0SDP2Q2Q1Q2-Q1MarketEquilibrium„ChangeinEquilibrium„ChangeindemandD’’PQSDD’MarketEquilibrium„ChangeinEquilibrium„ChangeinsupplyS’’PQSDS’MarketEquilibrium„ChangeinEquilibrium„ChangeinbothdemandandsupplyD’S’PQSDMarketDisequilibrium„Priceceilings„legalmaximumpricethatmaybechargedforagoodorservice„thereisashortageinthemarket„QD0SPQ2P2P1Q1MarketDisequilibrium„Pricefloors„legalminimumpricethatmaybechargedforagoodorservice„thereisasurplusinthemarket„PQ0SDP1Q1P2Elasticity„Thepriceelasticityofdemand„Meausretheresponsivenessofthequantitydemandedofagoodtoachangeinitsprice„ep=(∆Q/Q)/(∆P/P)„1Elasticity1,elastic„itmeansthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedislargerthanthepercentagechangeinpriceElasticity„1Elasticity1,inelastic„itmeansthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedislessthanthepercentagechangeinprice„=1Elasticity=1,unitelastic„itmeansthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedequalsthepercentagechangeinprice„=Elasticity=Infinite,perfectelastic„itmeansthatconsumersareverysensitivetothepricechange„=0Elasticity=0,perfectinelastic„itmeansthatconsumersareveryinsensitivetothepricechangeElasticity„0.816040%Supposethepriceelasticityofdemandforteethcleaningis.8andthereare1.6millioncleanedperyear.Ifanationalhealthinsurancepays40%ofthecostofcleaningteeth,howmanyteethcleaningswouldtherebe?Elasticity„Theincomeelasticityofdemand„Meausretheresponsivenessofthequantitydemandedofagoodtoachangeintheconsumer’sincome„ey=(∆Q/Q)/(∆Y/Y)Elasticity„0Elasticity0,normalgoods„„0Elasticity0,inferiorgoods„„1Elasticity1,luxury„„Elasticity„Theincomeelasticityofdemand„Measuretheresponsivenessofthequantitydemandedofagoodtoachangeinsomeothergood’sprice„eAB=(∆QA/QA)/(∆PB/PB)Elasticity„0Elasticity0,substitutegoods„„0Elasticity0,complementarygoods„„