曼昆微观经济学 第三章

InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTradeChapter3Copyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Requestsforpermissiontomakecopiesofanypartoftheworkshouldbemailedto:PermissionsDepartment,HarcourtCollegePublishers,6277SeaHarborDrive,Orlando,Florida32887-6777.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.InterdependenceandTradeConsideryourtypicalday:YouwakeuptoanalarmclockmadeinKorea.YoupouryourselfsomeorangejuicemadefromorangesgrowninFlorida.YouputonsomeclothesmadeofcottongrowninGeorgiaandsewninfactoriesinThailand.YouwatchthemorningnewsbroadcastfromNewYorkonyourTVmadeinJapan.Youdrivetoclassinacarmadeofpartsmanufacturedinahalf-dozendifferentcountries.…andyouhaven’tbeenupformorethantwohoursyet!Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.InterdependenceandTradeRemember,economicsisthestudyofhowsocietiesproduceanddistributegoodsinanattempttosatisfythewantsandneedsofitsmembers.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Howdowesatisfyourwantsandneedsinaglobaleconomy?Wecanbeeconomicallyself-sufficient.Wecanspecializeandtradewithothers,leadingtoeconomicinterdependence.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.InterdependenceandTradeAgeneralobservation...Individualsandnationsrelyonspecializedproductionandexchangeasawaytoaddressproblemscausedbyscarcity.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Whyisinterdependencethenorm?Interdependenceoccursbecausepeoplearebetteroffwhentheyspecializeandtradewithothers.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Imagine...onlytwogoods:potatoesandmeatonlytwopeople:apotatofarmerandacattlerancherAParablefortheModernEconomyHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheProductionOpportunitiesoftheFarmerandtheRancherHoursNeededtoMake1lb.of:AmountProducedin8HoursMeatPotatoesMeatPotatoesFarmer60m15m8lbs.32lbs.Rancher20m10m24lbs.48lbs.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProductionPossibilitiesFrontiersPotatoes(ounces)Meat(ounces)328416(a)TheFarmer’sProductionPossibilitiesFrontier0AIfthereisnotrade,thefarmerchoosesthisproductionandconsumptionHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProductionPossibilitiesFrontiersPotatoes(ounces)Meat(ounces)481224(b)TheRancher’sProductionPossibilitiesFrontier0BIfthereisnotrade,therancherchoosesthisproductionandconsumption24Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheGainsfromTrade:ASummaryWhatTheyProduceandConsumeFarmer4meat(A)16potatoesRancher12meat(B)24potatoesTheOutcomeWithoutTrade:Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheGainsfromTrade:ASummaryWhatTheyProduceWhatTheyTradeWhatTheyConsumeFarmer0meat32potatoesGets5meatfor15potatoes5meat(A*)17potatoesRancher18meat12potatoesGives5meatfor15potatoes13meat(B*)27potatoesTheOutcomeWithTrade:Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowTradeExpandstheSetofConsumptionOpportunitiesCopyright©2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearningPotatoes(ounces)416517832AA*0Meat(ounces)(a)TheFarmer’sProductionandConsumptionFarmer'sproductionandconsumptionwithouttradeFarmer'sconsumptionwithtradeFarmer'sproductionwithtradeHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowTradeExpandstheSetofConsumptionOpportunitiesPotatoes(ounces)12241327B0Meat(ounces)(b)TheRancher’sProductionandConsumption48241218B*Rancher'sconsumptionwithtradeRancher'sproductionwithtradeRancher'sproductionandconsumptionwithouttradeHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheGainsfromTrade:ASummaryTheIncreaseinConsumptionFarmer1meat(A*-A)1potatoesRancher1meat(B*-B)3potatoesTheGainsFromTrade:Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.DifferencesinCostsofProductionThenumberofhoursrequiredtoproduceaunitofoutput.(forexample,onepoundofpotatoes)Theopportunitycostofsacrificingonegoodforanother.Twowaystomeasuredifferencesincostsofproduction:Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.AbsoluteAdvantageDescribestheproductivityofoneperson,firm,ornationcomparedtothatofanother.Theproducerthatrequiresasmallerquantityofinputstoproduceagoodissaidtohaveanabsoluteadvantageinproducingthatgood.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.AbsoluteAdvantageTheRancherneedsonly10minutestoproduceapoundofpotatoes,whereastheFarmerneeds15minutes.TheRancherneedsonly20minutestoproduceapoundofmeat,whereastheFarmerneeds60minutes.TheRancherhasanabsoluteadvantageintheproductionofbothmeatandpotatoes.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.ComparativeAdvantageComparesproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost.Theproducerwhohasthesmalleropportunitycostofproducingagoodissaidtohaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingthatgood.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheOpportunityCostofMeatandPotatoesOpportunityCostof:1ozofMeat1ozofPotatoesFarmer4ozpotatoes1/4ozmeatRancher2ozpotatoes1/2ozmeatHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001