证券交易8875629225

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3-1第3章证券是如何交易的HOWDOSECURITIESTRADE3-2证券是如何交易的HOWDOSECURITIESTRADE3.1公司如何发行证券3.2证券在何处交易3.3交易所中的交易3.4场外交易市场中的交易3.5交易成本3.6保证金信用购买3.7卖空3.8证券市场的监管3-3股票、债劵和其他证券的发行通常由投资银行在一级市场上完成(首次发行和增发“IPO”)。Shares、bondsandothersecuritiescanbeofferedonfirstmarketbyinvestmentbank(initialpublicoffering)公司如何发行证券Howdoescompanyoffersecurities3-4证券在何处交易WHEREDOSECURITIESTRADE证券市场SecuritiesMarket–证券持有人将证劵卖给其他人Holdersofsecuritiessellsecuritiestoothers–证劵发行公司不会收到资本,与证劵的买卖没有直接联系Issuerofsecuritywillnotreceiveassetsfromtrading,andnodirectlyrelationshipwithsecuritiestrading3-5证券在何处交易WHEREDOSECURITIESTRADE证券一旦向公众发行,投资者彼此之间即可进行交易。买卖已发行的证券是在二级市场上进行的,这包括:(1)国家和地区证券交易所;(2)场外市场;(3)在两个当事人之间的直接交易。Oncesecuritiesareissuedtothepublic,investorsmaytradethemamongthemselves.Purchaseandsaleofalready-issuedsecuritiestakeplaceinthesecondarymarkets,whichconsistof(1)nationalandlocalsecuritiesexchanges,(2)theover-the-countermarket,and(3)directtradingbetweentwoparties.3-6证券在何处交易-二级市场WHEREDOSECURITIESTRADE-SECONDMARKET在美国有许多股票交易所。其中的纽约证券交易所和美国股票交易所均为国家级交易所。其他如波士顿与太平洋(BostonandPacific)交易所,是地区级交易所,其主要上市公司位于一个特殊的地理区域。ThereareseveralstockexchangesintheUnitedStates.Twoofthese,theNewYorkStockExchange(NYSE)andtheAmericanStockExchange(Amex),arenationalinscope.Theothers,suchastheBostonandPacificexchanges,areregionalexchanges,whichprimarilylistfirmslocatedinaparticulargeographicarea.3-7证券在何处交易-场外交易WHEREDOSECURITIESTRADE-OTCMARKET约有35000种证券在场外交易市场(over-the-counter,即OTC市场)进行交易,任何证券都可以在OTC市场中交易,但是这种市场并不是一种正式的交易场所。那里没有会员资格的要求,也不需要证券上市的要求(虽然在纳斯达克上市是有要求的,但是计算机联网正是为了进行场外的证券交易)。在OTC市场中,有数以千计的在证券与交易委员会注册的经纪人作为证券场外交易的交易商。证券交易商在此按照自己意愿进行证券的买卖报价,而经纪人则选择具有吸引力的报价并通过与交易商的接触实现交易。3-8证券在何处交易-场外交易WHEREDOSECURITIESTRADE-OTCMARKETRoughly35,000issuesaretradedontheover-the-counter(OTC)marketandanysecuritymaybetradedthere,buttheOTCmarketisnotaformalexchange.Therearenomember-shiprequirementsfortrading,noraretherelistingrequirementsforsecurities(althoughtherearerequirementstobelistedonNasdaq,thecomputer-linkednetworkfortradingofOTCsecurities).IntheOTCmarketthousandsofbrokersregisterwiththeSECasdealersinOTCsecurities.Securitydealersquotepricesatwhichtheyarewillingtobuyorsellsecurities.Abrokercanexecuteatradebycontactingthedealerlistinganattractivequote.3-9交易所中的交易Tradinginsecuritytradingcenter指令的类型TypesofOrders限价指令(LIMITORDER)限价卖出指令LIMITSELLORDER限价买入指令LIMITBUYORDER止损卖出令(STOP-LOSSORDER)止损买入令(STOP-BUYORDER)3-10场外交易市场中的交易OTCMarket交易商市场(Dealermarketwithoutcentralizedorderflow)纳斯达克:最大的有组织的场外交易股票市场,为个人,经纪人和交易商服务的信息系统全国性市场系统纳斯达克小公司市场NASDAQ:largestorganizedstockmarketforOTCtrading;informationsystemforindividuals,brokersanddealersNationalMarketSystemNasdaqSmallCapMarket3-11场外交易市场中的交易OTCMarket低价值证券Lowervolumesecurities–场外交易公告扳OTCBulletinBoard–来自NASD的粉红报单PinkSheetsfromNASD证券:股票,债券和衍生品Securities:stocks,bondsandsomederivatives–大部分二手证券交易Mostsecondarybondstransactions3-12三级市场ThirdMarket在场外交易市场上交易在交易所上市的的证券Tradingoflistedsecuritiesawayfromtheexchange机构投资者市场:有利大宗证券的交易Institutionalmarket:tofacilitatetradesoflargerblocksofsecurities含有经纪人和代理人服务Involvesservicesofdealersandbrokers3-13四级市场FourthMarket投资者之间直接交易上市公司的证券Investorstradingdirectlywithotherinvestors原来是为机构投资者而应用的Originallydevelopedforinstitutionaltrading在电子通讯网络上交易TradingnowonECNs技术发展导致投资者之间直接进行交易Technologicaldevelopmentsleadingtoindividualinvestorstradingdirectly3-14交易成本TradingCost价差:与经纪人交易的成本Spread:costoftradingwithdealer–报价Bid:pricedealerwillbuyfromyou–卖价Ask:pricedealerwillselltoyou–价差Spread:ask-bid综合:买卖双方支付费用Combination:onsometradesbotharepaid3-15保证金信用购买MarginTrading用部分资金投资Usingonlyaportionoftheproceedsforaninvestment借部分价款Borrowremainingcomponent保证金信用购买与股票和期货投资有区别Marginarrangementsdifferforstocksandfutures3-16保证金信用购买股票StockMarginTrading当前最大保证金比例是股票价值的50%Maximummarginiscurrently50%;youcanborrowupto50%ofthestockvalueSetbytheFed美联储规定了此比例维持保证金如果保证金比例跌到了维持水平以下,必需增加额外的资金到保证金帐户Maintenancemargin:minimumamountequityintradingcanbebeforeadditionalfundsmustbeputintotheaccount3-17保证金信用交易-初始状态MarginTrading-InitialConditionsXCorp$7050%初始保证金InitialMargin40%维持保证金MaintenanceMargin1000购买股票数SharesPurchased初始位置股票$70,000借$35,000权益$35,000InitialPositionStock$70,000Borrowed$35,000Equity$35,0003-18保证金信用交易-维持保证金MarginTrading-MaintenanceMargin股票价格下降到每股$60Stockpricefallsto$60pershare新的位置股票$60,000借$35,000权益25,000保证金比例%$25,000/$60,000=41.67%NewPositionStock$60,000Borrowed$35,000Equity$25,000Margin%=$25,000/$60,000=41.67%3-19保证金信用交易-追加保证金通知MarginTrading-MarginCall在股票价格下降到什么位置时要增加保证金?Howfarcanthestockpricefallbeforeamargincall?(1000P-$35,000)*/1000P=40%P=$58.33*1000P–借款(AmtBorrowed)=权益(Equity)3-20卖空ShortSales目的:在股票价格下跌时获利Purpose:toprofitfromadeclineinthepriceofastockorsecurity投资技术向股票经纪人借股票Borrowstockthroughadealer卖掉它Sellitanddepositproceedsandmargininanaccount买回同一股票和偿还借入的股票Closingouttheposition:buythestockandreturntothepartyfromwhichiswasborrowed3-21卖空-初始状态ShortSale-InitialConditionsZCorp100股股票100Shares50%初始保证金InitialMargin30%维持保证金MaintenanceMargin$100初始价格InitialPrice卖出价SaleProceeds$10,000保证金和权益Margin&Equity$5,000所欠股票StockOwed$10,0003-22卖空-维持保证金ShortSale-MaintenanceMargin股票价格上升到$110StockPriceRi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