目录第1章机械设计概述··········································································1第2章摩擦、磨损及润滑概述······························································3第3章平面机构的结构分析·································································12第4章平面连杆机构··········································································16第5章凸轮机构················································································36第6章间歇运动机构··········································································46第7章螺纹连接与螺旋传动·································································48第8章带传动····················································································60第9章链传动····················································································73第10章齿轮传动················································································80第11章蜗杆传动·················································································112第12章齿轮系····················································································124第13章机械传动设计··········································································131第14章轴和轴毂连接··········································································133第15章轴承·······················································································138第16章其他常用零、部件····································································152第17章机械的平衡与调速····································································156第18章机械设计CAD简介···································································163第1章机械设计概述1.1机械设计过程通常分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要内容是什么?答:机械设计过程通常可分为以下几个阶段:1.产品规划主要工作是提出设计任务和明确设计要求。2.方案设计在满足设计任务书中设计具体要求的前提下,由设计人员构思出多种可行方案并进行分析比较,从中优选出一种功能满足要求、工作性能可靠、结构设计可靠、结构设计可行、成本低廉的方案。3.技术设计完成总体设计、部件设计、零件设计等。4.制造及试验制造出样机、试用、修改、鉴定。1.2常见的失效形式有哪几种?答:断裂,过量变形,表面失效,破坏正常工作条件引起的失效等几种。1.3什么叫工作能力?计算准则是如何得出的?答:工作能力为指零件在一定的工作条件下抵抗可能出现的失效的能力。对于载荷而言称为承载能力。根据不同的失效原因建立起来的工作能力判定条件。1.4标准化的重要意义是什么?答:标准化的重要意义可使零件、部件的种类减少,简化生产管理过程,降低成本,保证产品的质量,缩短生产周期。第2章摩擦、磨损及润滑概述2.1按摩擦副表面间的润滑状态,摩擦可分为哪几类?各有何特点?答:摩擦副可分为四类:干摩擦、液体摩擦、边界摩擦和混合摩擦。干摩擦的特点是两物体间无任何润滑剂和保护膜,摩擦系数及摩擦阻力最大,磨损最严重,在接触区内出现了粘着和梨刨现象。液体摩擦的特点是两摩擦表面不直接接触,被液体油膜完全隔开,摩擦系数极小,摩擦是在液体的分子间进行的,称为液体润滑。边界摩擦的特点是两摩擦表面被吸附在表面的边界膜隔开,但由于边界膜较薄,不能完全避免金属的直接接触,摩擦系数较大,仍有局部磨损产生。混合摩擦的特点是同时存在边界润滑和液体润滑,摩擦系数比边界润滑小,但会有磨损发生。2.2磨损过程分几个阶段?各阶段的特点是什么?答:磨损过程分三个阶段,即跑合摩合磨损阶段、稳定磨损阶段、剧烈磨损阶段。各阶段的特点是:跑合磨损阶段磨损速度由快变慢;稳定磨损阶段磨损缓慢,磨损率稳定;剧烈磨损阶段,磨损速度及磨损率都急剧增大。2.3按磨损机理的不同,磨损有哪几种类型?答:磨损的分类有磨粒磨损、粘着磨损、疲劳磨损点蚀、腐蚀磨损。2.4哪种磨损对传动件来说是有益的?为什么?答:跑合磨损是有益的磨损,因为经跑合磨损后,磨损速度减慢,可改善工作表面的性质,提高摩擦副的使用寿命。2.5如何选择适当的润滑剂?答:选润滑剂时应根据工作载荷、运动速度、工作温度及其它工作条件选择。当载荷大时,选粘度大的润滑油,如有较大的冲击时选润滑脂或固体润滑剂。高速时选粘度小的润滑油,高速高温时可选气体润滑剂;低速时选粘度小的润滑油,低速重载时可选润滑脂;多尘条件选润滑脂,多水时选耐水润滑脂。2.6润滑油的润滑方法有哪些?答:油润滑的润滑方法有分散润滑法和集中润滑法。集中润滑法是连续润滑,可实现压力润滑。分散润滑法可以是间断的或连续的。间断润滑有人工定时润滑、手动油杯润滑、油芯油杯润滑、针阀油杯润滑、带油润滑、油浴及飞溅润滑、喷油润滑、油零润滑等几种。2.7接触式密封中常用的密封件有哪些?答:接触式密封常用的密封件有O形密封圈,J形、U形、V形、Y形、L形密封圈,以2.8非接触式密封是如何实现密封的?答:非接触式密封有曲路密封和隙缝密封,它是靠隙缝中的润滑脂实现密封的。第3章平面机构的结构分析3.1机构具有确定运动的条件是什么?答:机构的主动件数等于自由度数时,机构就具有确定的相对运动。3.2在计算机构的自由度时,要注意哪些事项?答:应注意机构中是否包含着复合铰链、局部自由度、虚约束。3.3机构运动简图有什么作用?如何绘制机构运动简图?答:(1)能抛开机构的具体结构和构件的真实外形,简明地表达机构的传动原理,并能对机构进行方案讨论和运动、受力分析。(2)绘制机构运动简图的步骤如下所述:①认真研究机构的结构及其动作原理,分清机架,确定主动件。②循着运动传递的路线,搞清各构件间相对运动的性质,确定运动副的种类。③测量出运动副间的相对位置。④选择视图平面和比例尺,用规定的线条和符号表示其构件和运动副,绘制成机构运动简图。3.4计算如题3.4图所示各机构的自由度,并说明欲使其具有确定运动,需要有几个原动件?题3.4图答:a)LH9130nPP,,代入式(3.1)中可得LH323921301FnPP此机构要具有确定的运动,需要有一个原动件。b)B处存在局部自由度,必须取消,即把滚子与杆刚化,则LH332nPP,,,代入式(3.1)中可得LH32332321FnPP此机构要具有确定的运动,需要有一个原动件。c)LH570nPP,,代入式(3.1)中可得LH32352701FnPP此机构要具有确定的运动,需要有一个原动件。3.5绘制如题3.5图所示各机构的运动简图,并计算其自由度。题3.5图答:取L0.001m/mm,绘制运动简图如题3.5答案图所示:题3.5答案图图a):LH340nPP,,,则LH321FnPP;图b):LH340nPP,,,则LH321FnPP。3.6试计算如题3.6图所示机构的自由度,并判断该机构的运动是否确定(图中绘有箭头的构件为原动件)。题3.6图解:a):LH7100nPP,,。LH32372101FnPP运动确定。b)LH570nPP,,LH3235271FnPP运动确定c)LH7100nPP,,。LH32372101FnPP运动确定d)LH442nPP,,。LH32342422FnPP运动确定。e)LH340nPP,,。LH3233241FnPP运动确定。f)LH570nPP,,。LH3235271FnPP运动确定。g)LH9122nPP,,。LH323921221FnPP运动确定h)LH9120nPP,,。LH32392123FnPP运动确定。3.7试问如题3.7图所示各机构在组成上是否合理?如不合理,请针对错误提出修改方案。题3.7图答:图示机构的自由度为零,故都不合理,修改方案如下:对于题3.7图a的机构,在D处改为一个滑块,如题3.7图a所示。对于题3.7图b的机构,在构件4上增加一个转动副,如题3.7答案图b所示;或在构件4的D处添加一滑块,如题3.7答案图c所示。题3.7答案图