3.3垂直问题Perpendicularity如果直线垂直于平面内的任意两条相交直线,则与该平面垂直。反之,如果直线与平面垂直,则与平面内的任意直线垂直。Alineisperpendiculartoaplaneifitisperpendiculartoatleasttwononparallellinesinaplane.Also,alineperpendiculartoalllinesinaplaneifitisperpendiculartothatplane.要讨论的问题Problemstobesolved:●过点作直线与平面垂直。Constructlinethroughagivenpointperpendiculartoaplane.●过点作平面与直线垂直。Constructplanethroughagivenpointperpendiculartoaline.一、直线与平面垂直Perpendicularityoflineandplane直线与平面垂直Lineperpendiculartoplane直线垂直于平面内的一对相交直线(一切直线)Lineisperpendiculartotwointersectinglinesinplane(alllinesinthatplane)Ppp相交主直线NPL1N(相交intersecting)L2N(交叉Skew)N-法线Normaloftheplane性质Characteristics:P面所有直线垂直于NAlllinesinPareperpendiculartoN过N的所有平面垂直于PAllPlanescontainingNareperpendiculartoP平面的坡角与法线的倾角互余(αp+αN=90)OXYZHVL1WPL2L3N主直线平面Mainlinesplane平面用一对相交主直线表示Planedefinedbyapairofintersectinglinesl1l1l2l2aannn正平线的V投影nl1n水平线的H投影nl2平面以其他形式表示Planedefinedbyothermethodspplll1l1L与P平面不垂直LisnotperpendiculartoPL1与P平面垂直LisperpendiculartoP例1:L,L1与平面P垂直吗?LP?L1P?用一对相交主直线来判断Determinebyapairintersectingmainlines例2:过点A作直线垂直于△DEF。ConstructlinethroughpointAperpendicularto△DEFdefdefaa11bb22注意:不是垂足的正面投影Thisisnotthefrontalprojectionofperpendicularfoot.注意:不是垂足的平面投影ThisisnottheHorizontalprojectionofperpendicularfoot.求出直线AB对△DEF的穿点才是垂足ThepiercingpointoflineABand△DEFistheperpendicularfoot.例3过定点A作直线L的垂面PConstructplanePthroughgivenpointAperpendiculartolineL.ppllLPaaA应用:求距离问题Application:Problemsofdistance•1)点到平面的距离distancebetweenpointandplane•2)平行面间的距离distancebetweentwoplanes•步骤Steps:•1.过定点作面的垂线(Constructlinethroughgivenpointperpendiculartoplane)•2.求垂线对面的穿点--积聚性法或辅助平面法(Findpiercingpointofperpendicularlineandplane--CollectingmethodorAuxiliaryplanemethod)•3.求定点到穿点的实长--直角三角形法(Truelengthofdistancebetweengivenpointandpiercingpoint.--Righttrianglemethod)AAKKPPQ二、两平面垂直Perpendicularityoftwoplanes定理一:Theoremone如果一个平面过另一个平面的任意一条垂线,则这两个平面垂直。Twoplanesareperpendicularifonecontainsaperpendicularlineoftheotherone.定理二:Theoremtwo如果两平面垂直,那么过第一个平面内一点作第二个平面的垂线必在第一个平面内。Iftwoplanesareperpendicular,linethroughapointofoneplaneandperpendiculartoanotherplanemustliesinthefirstplane.(1)几何条件Geometrycondition(2)投影作图ProjectionNQ1Q2Q3P两平面互相垂直,则其中一个平面必经过(或平行于)另一个平面的垂线。Iftwoplanesareperpendicular,oneplanemustcontainlineperpendiculartoanothertheotherplane.过A点作平面Q垂直于平面P。ConstructplaneQthroughpointAperpendiculartoplanePAaappnnqq例4:过点A作平面垂直于△DEF。ConstructplanethroughpointAperpendicularto△DEFdefdefaa解法一:Solutionmethodone:①过点A作△DEF的垂线。Constructlineperpendicularto△DEF②过垂线任作一平面即为所求。Constructaplanecontainingthatperpendicularline.11bbcc22defdefaa解法二:Solutionmethodtwo:①在△DEF上任取一直线,比如DF。Selectalinein△DEFarbitrarilysuchasDF.②过A点作DF的垂面即为所求。ConstructplanethroughpointAperpendiculartoDFbbcc三、直线与直线垂直Perpendicularitybetweenlines(1)几何条件Geometrycondition(2)投影作图ProjectionNP两直线互相垂直,则必有一线在另一直线的垂面上(或平行于另一直线的垂面)Ittwolinesareperpendicular,onemustlieintheperpendicularplaneoftheotherone.过直线L上A点作垂线ConstructlinethroughpointAperpendiculartoLL2与L是什么位置关系?TherelativepositionofL2andL?aKQPL1L2NPL1L1P或L2//Pallppl1l1l2l2作业Homework:P24P25-7,8,9复习refertotextbook:P152-P1573.4综合问题SyntheticalProblems综合作图题是指点、线、面等几何元素及其相互关系同时出现于问题之中,并且对问题的解答,要求满足的条件较多,需要进行综合分析。常用的求解方法有:①正推法:从正面入手进行分析推理。②反推法:假定问题已解,再反推回去,找出问题的相互联系或条件,从而得到解题的途径。③交轨法:分析满足条件的几何元素各自的空间轨迹,然后求得可以同时满足所求条件的几何元素或关系,从而得到解题的途径。一、点线面综合作图题例1:过点A作一条直线,使其与直线BC垂直相交。ConstructalinethroughpointA,requiredtobeperpendiculartoandintersectingwithlineBCaacbcbeeffkk①过点A作一主直线平面△AEF与直线BC垂直。ConstructmainlinesAEandAFperpendiculartolineBC1122②作出直线BC对平面△AEF的穿点K。FindpiercingpointKoflineBCand△AEF③直线AK在直线BC的垂面上,故AK⊥BC,又K点在直线BC上,故直线AK为所求。LineAKmeetstherequirements例2:已知等腰三角形ABC的底边AB的V投影ab平行于X轴,AC边的V、H投影ac、ac已知,试完成该等腰三角形的H面投影。Given:ABisthebottomedgeofisocelestriangleABC,ab∥X.Req’d:CompletetheHprojectionof△ABCcacabb分析:假设等腰三角形ABC的底边AB上的高为CD,因为AB为水平线,故cd⊥ab,又H为AB的中点,根据定比性可知ad=bd,因此△adc≌△bdc。结论:ac=bcCDSupposedtobetheheightlineofAB,andAB∥Hcd⊥abAD=BDad=bd△adc≌△bdcConclusion:ac=ab例3:在平面△DEF上求一点K与已知三点A、B、C等距,其中A点和C点的Z坐标相等。FindapointKinplane△DEF,requiredtobeequidistantfrompointsA,BandC(AC∥H)bbaafedfedccqqp1122kk例4:已知三条直线CD、EF、GH,要求作一直线AB平行于CD,且与EF、GH相交。Given:ThreelinesCD,EFandGH.Req’d:ConstructalineAB,letAB∥CD,andintersectingEFandGH.cdefghcdefghaabbpp例5:已知一直角△ABC,其中AB为一直角边,另一直角边AC平行于正垂面P,且C点距离V面20mm,试完成该三角形的V、H投影。Given:RightangleedgeABof△ABC,otherrightangleedgeACisparalleltoV-perpendicularplaneP,pointCis20mmfromVplane.Req’d:completetheVandHprojectionsof△ABC20mmcckkpbbaa例6:过已知点A求作一直线AB,使与已知二交叉直线L1、L2相交(P26-1)。ThroughgivenpointAconstructalineABtobeintersectingwithtwoskewlinesL1andL2.aal1l2l1l2交轨法intersectionoftracks:1.过A点与L1相交的直线的轨迹;ThetrackoflinesthroughpointAandintersectingwithL12.过A点与L2相交的直线的轨迹;ThetrackoflinesthroughpointAandintersectingwithL23.两轨迹的交集;Theintersectionoftwotracksaal1l2l1l2bbpp反推法Reverseinference:假设此直线AB已作出,只限与L1相交,组成平面P——即A点与L1组成的平面P。AssumingthatlineABintersectingwithlineL1hadbeenfound,thentheplanewhichABandL1defineshouldbetheplanewhichL1andpointAdef