美国经济大萧条 (全英文)

BriefintroductionCausesProcessEffectsTheGreatDepressionwasasevereworldwideeconomicdepressioninthedecadeprecedingWorldWarII.itstartedinabout1929andlasteduntilthelate1930sorearly1940s.Itwasthelongest,mostwidespread,anddeepestdepressionofthe20thcentury.Inthe21stcentury,theGreatDepressioniscommonlyusedasanexampleofhowfartheworld'seconomycandecline.ThedepressionoriginatedintheU.S.,startingwiththefallinstockpricesthatbeganaroundSeptember4,1929andbecameworldwidenewswiththestockmarketcrashofOctober29,1929(knownasBlackTuesday).Fromthere,itquicklyspreadtoalmosteverycountryintheworld.股票市场崩溃是一场灾难深重的经济危机爆发的火山口。Mellonpulledthewhistle,Hooverrangthebell,WallStreetgavethesignalandthecountrywenttohell.“梅隆拉响汽笛，胡佛敲起钟。华尔街发出信号，美国往地狱里冲！”thestockcrashasasymptom,ratherthanacause,oftheGreatDepression.N：AndrewWilliamMellon（WarrenGamalielHarding29，JohnCalvinCoolidgeJr.30，HerbertClarkHoover31）Demand-drivenKeynesianBreakdownofinternationaltradeDebtdeflationMonetaristNewclassicalapproachAustrianSchoolInequalityProductivityshockRecentworkfromaneoclassicalperspectivefocusesonthedeclineinproductivitythatcausedtheinitialdeclineinoutputandaprolongedrecoveryduetopoliciesthataffectedthelabormarket.ThisstudysuggeststhattheoriesoftheGreatDepressionhavetoexplainaninitialseveredeclinebutrapidrecoveryinproductivity,relativelylittlechangeinthecapitalstock,andaprolongeddepressioninthelaborforce.TheoristsoftheAustrianSchoolwhowroteabouttheDepressionincludeAustrianeconomistFriedrichHayekandAmericaneconomistMurrayRothbard,whowroteAmerica'sGreatDepression(1963).Intheirviewandlikethemonetarists,theFederalReserve,whichwascreatedin1913,shouldersmuchoftheblame;butinoppositiontothemonetarists,theyarguethatthekeycauseoftheDepressionwastheexpansionofthemoneysupplyinthe1920sthatledtoanunsustainablecredit-drivenboom.TheNewDealisaseriesofeconomicprogramsimplementedintheUnitedStatesbetween1933and1936.TheywerepassedbytheU.S.CongressduringthefirsttermofPresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt.TheprogramswereresponsestotheGreatDepression,andfocusedonwhathistorianscallthe3Rs:relief,recovery,andreform.Thatis,Relieffortheunemployedandpoor;Recoveryoftheeconomytonormallevels;andReformofthefinancialsystemtopreventarepeatdepression.ThecommonviewamongeconomichistoriansisthattheGreatDepressionendedwiththeadventofWorldWarII.America'sentryintothewarin1941finallyeliminatedthelasteffectsfromtheGreatDepressionandbroughttheunemploymentratedownbelow10%.governmentintervenestoeconomyKeynesian['keinziən]nationalmacroeconomicadjustandcontroleconomicnationalism—tariffsTotalitarianism(极端主义)-NaziParty卍AdolfHitler&BenitoMussolini贝尼托·墨索里尼，indirectlyleadtotheWWII.Literarily-ErnestHemingway,thespeakerofTheLostgenerationHerbertClarkHooverFranklinDelanoRoosevelt