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UnitedNationsConventiononJurisdictionalImmunitiesofStatesandTheirPropertyTheStatesPartiestothepresentConvention,ConsideringthatthejurisdictionalimmunitiesofStatesandtheirpropertyaregenerallyacceptedasaprincipleofcustomaryinternationallaw,HavinginmindtheprinciplesofinternationallawembodiedintheCharteroftheUnitedNations,BelievingthataninternationalconventiononthejurisdictionalimmunitiesofStatesandtheirpropertywouldenhancetheruleoflawandlegalcertainty,particularlyindealingsofStateswithnaturalorjuridicalpersons,andwouldcontributetothecodificationanddevelopmentofinternationallawandtheharmonizationofpracticeinthisarea,TakingintoaccountdevelopmentsinStatepracticewithregardtothejurisdictionalimmunitiesofStatesandtheirproperty,AffirmingthattherulesofcustomaryinternationallawcontinuetogovernmattersnotregulatedbytheprovisionsofthepresentConvention,Haveagreedasfollows:PartIIntroductionArticle1ScopeofthepresentConventionThepresentConventionappliestotheimmunityofaStateanditspropertyfromthejurisdictionofthecourtsofanotherState.Article2Useofterms1.ForthepurposesofthepresentConvention:(a)“court”meansanyorganofaState,howevernamed,entitledtoexercisejudicialfunctions;(b)“State”means:(i)theStateanditsvariousorgansofgovernment;(ii)constituentunitsofafederalStateorpoliticalsubdivisionsoftheState,whichareentitledtoperformactsintheexerciseofsovereignauthority,andareactinginthatcapacity;–2–(iii)agenciesorinstrumentalitiesoftheStateorotherentities,totheextentthattheyareentitledtoperformandareactuallyperformingactsintheexerciseofsovereignauthorityoftheState;(iv)representativesoftheStateactinginthatcapacity;(c)“commercialtransaction”means:(i)anycommercialcontractortransactionforthesaleofgoodsorsupplyofservices;(ii)anycontractforaloanorothertransactionofafinancialnature,includinganyobligationofguaranteeorofindemnityinrespectofanysuchloanortransaction;(iii)anyothercontractortransactionofacommercial,industrial,tradingorprofessionalnature,butnotincludingacontractofemploymentofpersons.2.Indeterminingwhetheracontractortransactionisa“commercialtransaction”underparagraph1(c),referenceshouldbemadeprimarilytothenatureofthecontractortransaction,butitspurposeshouldalsobetakenintoaccountifthepartiestothecontractortransactionhavesoagreed,orif,inthepracticeoftheStateoftheforum,thatpurposeisrelevanttodeterminingthenon-commercialcharacterofthecontractortransaction.3.Theprovisionsofparagraphs1and2regardingtheuseoftermsinthepresentConventionarewithoutprejudicetotheuseofthosetermsortothemeaningswhichmaybegiventotheminotherinternationalinstrumentsorintheinternallawofanyState.Article3PrivilegesandimmunitiesnotaffectedbythepresentConvention1.ThepresentConventioniswithoutprejudicetotheprivilegesandimmunitiesenjoyedbyaStateunderinternationallawinrelationtotheexerciseofthefunctionsof:(a)itsdiplomaticmissions,consularposts,specialmissions,missionstointernationalorganizationsordelegationstoorgansofinternationalorganizationsortointernationalconferences;and(b)personsconnectedwiththem.2.ThepresentConventioniswithoutprejudicetoprivilegesandimmunitiesaccordedunderinternationallawtoheadsofStaterationepersonae.3.ThepresentConventioniswithoutprejudicetotheimmunitiesenjoyedbyaStateunderinternationallawwithrespecttoaircraftorspaceobjectsownedoroperatedbyaState.–3–Article4Non-retroactivityofthepresentConventionWithoutprejudicetotheapplicationofanyrulessetforthinthepresentConventiontowhichjurisdictionalimmunitiesofStatesandtheirpropertyaresubjectunderinternationallawindependentlyofthepresentConvention,thepresentConventionshallnotapplytoanyquestionofjurisdictionalimmunitiesofStatesortheirpropertyarisinginaproceedinginstitutedagainstaStatebeforeacourtofanotherStatepriortotheentryintoforceofthepresentConventionfortheStatesconcerned.PartIIGeneralprinciplesArticle5StateimmunityAStateenjoysimmunity,inrespectofitselfanditsproperty,fromthejurisdictionofthecourtsofanotherStatesubjecttotheprovisionsofthepresentConvention.Article6ModalitiesforgivingeffecttoStateimmunity1.AStateshallgiveeffecttoStateimmunityunderarticle5byrefrainingfromexercisingjurisdictioninaproceedingbeforeitscourtsagainstanotherStateandtothatendshallensurethatitscourtsdetermineontheirowninitiativethattheimmunityofthatotherStateunderarticle5isrespected.2.AproceedingbeforeacourtofaStateshallbeconsideredtohavebeeninstitutedagainstanotherStateifthatotherState:(a)isnamedasapartytothatproceeding;or(b)isnotnamedasapartytotheproceedingbuttheproceedingineffectseekstoaffecttheproperty,rights,interestsoractivitiesofthatotherState.Article7Expressconsenttoexerciseofjurisdiction1.AStatecannotinvokeimmunityfromjurisdictioninaproceedingbeforeacourtofanotherStatewithregardtoamatterorcaseifithasexpresslyconsentedtotheexerciseofjurisdictionbythecourtwithregardtothematterorcase:(a)byinternationalagreement;(b)inawrittencontract;or–4–(c)byadeclarationbeforethecourtorbyawrittencommunicationinaspecificproceeding.2.AgreementbyaStatefortheapplicationofthelawofanotherStateshallnotbeinterpretedasconsenttotheexerciseofjurisdictionbythecourtsoft