第18章失业与通货膨胀Chapter18UnemploymentandInflationContents•失业通货膨胀失业与通胀基本问题起因、影响与对策定义衡量分类第一节失业Unemployment一、失业的相关概念(TherelatedconceptiononUnemployment)充分就业摩擦失业自愿失业非自愿失业其它观点(OtherViewpoints)结构性失业周期性失业自然失业率失业率的统计•美国劳工统计局(BLS)•抽样调查奥肯定律(Okun’sLaws)说明产出变化与失业率变化间关系的一条经验定律。中国“奥肯定律悖论”TheUSMiseryIndex•MiseryIndex=Unemploymentrate+Inflationrate第二节通货膨胀•TheInflation一、通货膨胀的定义(Definition)物价派货币派凯恩斯主义与货币主义米尔顿·弗里德曼(1912-2006),创立了货币主义理论,提出了永久性收入假说凯恩斯(1883-1946)物价派OR货币派?通货紧缩(Deflation)通货紧缩:物价水平的持续下降,伴随着货币供给量的减少和经济的衰退。二、通货膨胀的衡量(Measurement)消费价格指数CPI(Theconsumerpriceindex)生产者价格指数PPI(Theproducerpriceindex)GDP折算指数(GDPdeflator)HowtheCPIisCalculated?FixtheBasket;FindthePrices:ComputetheBasket’sCost:ChooseaBaseYearandComputetheIndex:Computetheinflationrate:TheBureauofLaborStatisticsreportstheCPIeachmonth.HousingFood/BeveragesTransportationMedicalCareApparelRecreationOtherEducationandcommunicationWhat’sintheCPI’sBasket?40%16%17%6%5%6%5%5%TwoMeasuresofInflation1965PercentperYear1510501970197519801985199019952000CPIGDPdeflator三、分类•A、通货膨胀程度1)爬行的通货膨胀(Creepinginflation)2)温和的通货膨胀(Mildinflation)3)奔腾的通货膨胀(Gallopinginflation)4)超级通货膨胀(Hyperinflation)ACase:1985年的玻利维亚•当通胀率为116000%时,价格每小时都在变化•3瓶阿司匹林的钱,在3年前可以买一辆豪华丰田轿车•自动售货机以35000比索售出一块巧克力,五分钟后,另一块上升为50000比索•1000比索的印刷费超出其所购买商品价格•工人工资年上涨1500%,工人还在罢工•出行宁愿坐出租车,而不坐公共汽车B、起因1)需求拉动通货膨胀(Demand-pullinflation)2)成本推动通货膨胀(Cost-pushinflation)3)结构性通货膨胀(Structuralinflation)四、通货膨胀的起因、影响及对策•TheSourceandEffectofInflationandTheAnti-Inflationpolicy通货膨胀的起因(TheSourceofInflation)•A、需求拉动的通货膨胀(Demand-pullInflation)•AD变大,曲线向右上方移动yPASAD3AD4AD1AD2fig需求拉动的通货膨胀OPricelevelNationaloutputASAD1P1Q1figOPricelevelNationaloutputASAD1P1Q1AD2需求拉动的通货膨胀figOPricelevelNationaloutputASAD1P1Q1AD2P2Q2需求拉动的通货膨胀B、成本推动的通货膨胀(Cost-PushInflation)工资推动型通货膨胀利润推动型通货膨胀工资——价格螺旋yPAS1AS2ADfig成本推动通货膨胀OPricelevelNationaloutputAS1ADP1Q1figOPricelevelNationaloutputAS1ADP1Q1AS2成本推动通货膨胀figOPricelevelNationaloutputAS1ADP1Q1AS2P2Q2成本推动通货膨胀figTheinteractionofdemand-pullandcost-pushinflationOPricelevelNationaloutputAS1AD1P1figOPricelevelNationaloutputAS1AD1P1AS2AD2P2Theinteractionofdemand-pullandcost-pushinflationfigOPricelevelNationaloutputAS1AD1P1AD2P2AS3AD3P3AS2Theinteractionofdemand-pullandcost-pushinflationfigInitialdemand-pullinflationONationaloutputPricelevelASshortrunADP0afigONationaloutputPricelevelASADP0AD1P1abInitialdemand-pullinflationfigONationaloutputPricelevelASADP0AD1P1abAD2P2cInitialdemand-pullinflationfigONationaloutputPricelevelASADP0AD1P1abAD2cSubsequentsupplyresponseAS1P2P3dInitialdemand-pullinflationfigONationaloutputPricelevelASADP0AD1P1abAD2cSubsequentdemandresponseAS1dP2P3AD3P4eInitialdemand-pullinflationfigONationaloutputPricelevelASADP0AD1P1abAD2cAS1dP2P3AD3P4eSubsequentsupplyresponseAS2P5fInitialdemand-pullinflationfigONationaloutputPricelevelASADP0AD1P1abAD2cAS1dP2P3AD3P4eAD4SubsequentdemandresponseAS2fP5gP6Initialdemand-pullinflationC、结构性通货膨胀(StructuralInflation)yPAD1AD2AS1AS2不同部门间工资增长率相互看齐通货膨胀的影响(Impact)•有利于利润收入者,不利于工资收入者(工资粘性)•有利于债务人,不利于债权人(利率契约性)•有利于政府,不利于公众(累进税与固定税率情况下,“通货膨胀税”)反通货膨胀的政策(TheAnti-InflationPolicy)•A、DeflationPolicy紧缩政策(解决需求拉动的通货膨胀)•B、IncomePolicy收入政策(解决成本推进的通货膨胀)•C、StructuralPolicy结构政策(解决结构性通货膨胀)第三节失业与通货膨胀•UnemploymentandInflation•痛苦指数miseryindex•菲利浦斯曲线(ThePhillipsCurves)A、早期的菲利浦斯曲线(EarlyPhillipsCurves)•(A·W·Phillips1914-1975)失业率通货膨胀率UfB、作用(Function)•提供了一份“政策选择的菜单”失业率通货膨胀率社会临界点ThePhillipsCurveinthe1960s...UnemploymentRate(percent)InflationRate(percentperyear)01234567891024681019681966196119621963196719651964TheSupplyShocksofthe1970s...InflationRate(percentperyear)UnemploymentRate(percent)0123456789102468101972197519811976197819791980197319741977