搜索
UnderstandingForestTenureReforminChina集体林区林权改革模式经济分析徐晋涛北京大学环境学院2006年21日HeilongjiangJilinLiaoningHebeiShandongShanxiShaanxiHenanJiangsuZhejiangFujianGuangdongGuangxiYunnanGuizhouSichuanHunanHubeiAnhuiJiangxiHainanQinghaiTibetXinjiangGansuInnerMongoliaTaiwanNingxiaBeijingTianjinShanghaiTibetandTaiwanSouthCollectiveForestsStateForestsProvinceswithFewForestsBackground研究背景•80年代早期的农村联产承包制的改革,吹响了中国经济体制改革的号角•AgriculturalLandReform(HRS)inearly1980signitedChina’stransitiontowardamarketorientedeconomy•农业生产力得到了极大提高•Dramaticgrowthinagriculturalproductivity•农村改革带来民营经济、私有经济的极大发展•Tremendouscontributionfromprivatesectortothewholeeconomy•当前，政府仍然致力于加强农民土地权利的政策方向•Strengtheningfarmerlandrightsstillmainfocusofpolicytrend(ALCL,RRL,etc)ForestSectorinChina中国林业•在林业部门，政府管制程度高于大多数经济部门•Forestsectorremainsmosttightlycontrolledbygovernmentandadministration•采伐、运输、林地利用方面的约束性政策还大量存在•Controlinlogging,shipping,landuse,etc.•天然林保护工程Loggingban•政府主导型林业建设项目•Lotsofgovernmentprograms•And…..ForestTenureinChina林权制度•两种所有制形式Twoownershiptypes•State:国有–~42%forestareaand68%volume;–Managedbystateforestenterprisesandfarms•Collective集体所有–58%areaand32%volume–Growingshareoftimberproduction–ManymanagementarrangementCollectiveForestTenure集体林区•村集体是集体林地的法定所有人•Villagecollectivesaslegalowners•农户、联户、各种经济组织可以通过承包的形式经营集体所有的森林•Farmerhouseholds,agroupoffarmers,outsiders,allentitledtocontractandmanagecollectiveownedforestland•林业管理方面的放权让利的改革时有反复•Decentralizaitonofmanagementwasslowandnotsmoothsince1981.•截止到1986年，约70%的集体林地实行了农户承包经•By1986,around70%householdmanaged•1987年以后，有所反复•Thensetbackin1987~.Household-ContractsinFujianandJiangxi,1986and2000农户承包经营比例ShareofHouseholdContract0%20%40%60%80%100%19862000YearPercentageFujianJiangxi第二次林权改革：更深入的改革Processoftenurereform•以福建省为发源地Fujian–pilotin2002–2003provincialpolicy–Villagerepresentativecommitteesdecisionmakers–Landcontractfee•江西省Jiangxi–Commencein2004–Villagerepresentativecommitteesmakingdecisions–NoLandcontractfeeallowed本研究的目的Purposeofthisstudy•解释林权改革中新的林权模式产生的的影响因素•对林权改革的绩效进行评价•为决策提供研究支持•Explaintheprocessandoutcomeoftenurereform•Understanddeterminingfactorsfordifferenttypesoftenurearrangement•Answerthequestionsofoptimalforestmanagementsystemincollectiveforests•Evaluateperformanceoftenurereformagainstthesetcriteria•Identifyareasofpolicyimprovementinnewtenuresystem调查省份的基本情况StudiedAreas-BasicFactsForestcoveragemillionha%millionm3%%Fujiantotal7.654.53496.713.7562.96state-owned0.851.2194.331.06collective6.806.88402.389.25Jiangxitotal9.315.51374.352.8255.86state-owned1.472.1093.561.05collective7.847.93280.806.45Nationaltotaltotal169.0210013259.3610018.21state-owned70.161008907.59100collective98.861004351.77100ForestedAreaForestvolume林业在全省GDP中的比重ForestryShareinGDP1950s-19990246810121419491954195919641969197419791984198919941999%JiangxiFujian林业收入占农民家庭总收入的比例ForestryShareinHouseholdRevenue(1)050001000015000200002500030000Yuan2000200020052005fujianjiangxifujianjiangxiothernon-agagricultureforestry林业收入占农民家庭总收入的比例ForestryShareinHouseholdRevenue(2)0123456789102000年2005年%FujianJiangxi森林火灾率（次数）ForestFireIncidence1990-20040200400600800100012001400199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004timesJiangxiFujian火灾影响面积ForestFireAffectedArea1990-200402000400060008000100001200014000160001800020000199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004haJiangxiFujian产权改革调查SurveyScope•村级和入户调查•SurveyconductedinApril-June2006•福建：10个县，30个乡、60个村、600户农户•Fujian:10counties,30townships,60villages,600households•江西：5个县、15个乡、30个村、300户农户•Jiangxi:5counties,15townships,30villages,300households•Periodof2000-2005森林经营权类型划分Categoriesoftenuretypes•五种主要类型Fivetypesoftenurearrangement–自留山Privateplots–单户经营Villagehouseholdcontract–联户经营Villagehouseholdpartnership–林权转让经营Marketallocatedplots–集体经营Collectivemanagement•生态公益林Ecologicalforests–Formallyestablishedaround2001假说Hypotheses•由于村民代表大会是林权改革的决策单位，村民代表大会的的决策能力将决定林该的质量，一般来说，村级民主较为健全的地方，林改较为深入，村民在林改中获得的经营权利较多，而集体经营的比例越小。•Sincevillagerepresentativecommitteesaremakingthecall,theoutcomeoftenurereformisdependentonthequalityoftheseruralcommittees.Inmoredemocraticvillages,decentralizationisdeeper,morehouseholdscontractinsteadofoutsidermarketallocation,collectivemanagement,etc.•良好的社会资本有益于联合管理模式的形成•Invillageswithgoodsocialcapital,morepartnership,lessindividualmanagement•多种经营、非农就业机会发展好的地方，对林地的需求较小•Invillageswithgoodalternativeincome(off-farmjob,higheragproductivity,etc.),lowerdemandforforestland=morecollective,marketallocation,lessindividualandpartnership(?)•较为贫困的地方对林地的需求较高•Lowerpercapitaincomeleadtohigherdemandforforestland•政府干预越多，林农经营林地的积极性越低•Inareaswithtightgovernmentcontrol,lessdemandforforestland(ormoretransfer-outafterwards)•产权不稳定会导致农民经营林地的积极性降低•Tenureinsecurityisnegativelyaffectingindividualcontracts(adjustment,eco-forests,etc.)不同产权模式形成的影响因素分析Determinantsoftenuretypes•对产权类型比例变化的系统方程的估计•-EstimationofasystemoftenuresharechangePrivateHouseholdPartnershipMarketCollectiveVillageCharacteristicsLaborShare3.18523.838*-2.3641.947-36.628***VillagerEducation0.223**0.371-0.3450.113-0.108AgProductivity-1.155-0.804-4.284-1.2946