0第4章资源、比较优势与收入分配

SlidespreparedbyThomasBishopCopyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.Chapter4资源、比较优势与收入分配Resources,ComparativeAdvantage,andIncomeDistributionCopyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-2前言Preview•生产可能性Productionpossibilities•产品价格、要素价格与生产的投入与产出水平Relationshipamongoutputprices,input(factor)prices,andlevelsofinputs/output•赫克歇尔-俄林模型TradeintheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel•要素价格均等化Factorpriceequalization•收入分配和收入不均等Incomedistributionandincomeinequality•实证检验EmpiricalevidenceCopyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-3前言Introduction•在现实世界中,劳动生产率之间的差异可以部分地解释贸易产生的原因，而贸易的产生同样反映了国家间资源禀赋的差异。•赫克歇尔-俄林理论：•劳动充裕的国家拥有生产劳动密集型产品的比较优势，资本充裕的国家拥有生产资本密集型产品的比较优势。如果两国发生贸易，劳动充裕的国家应该生产并出口劳动密集型产品，进口资本密集型产品；资本充裕的国家应该生产并出口资本密集型产品，进口劳动密集型产品。Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-4商品价格生产成本生产技术要素价格要素供给（禀赋）要素的派生需求最终产品的需求偏好收入分配古典模型H-O模型要素禀赋理论的一般均衡框架Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-5前言Introduction•Whiletradeispartlyexplainedbydifferencesinlaborproductivity,italsocanbeexplainedbydifferencesinresourcesacrosscountries.•贸易发生的原因：劳动生产率与资源差异•TheHeckscher-Ohlintheoryarguesthatdifferencesinlabor,laborskills,physicalcapital,landorotherfactorsofproductionacrosscountriescreateproductivedifferencesthatexplainwhytradeoccurs.Countrieshavearelativeabundance相对充裕offactorsofproduction.Productionprocessesusefactorsofproductionwithrelativeintensity相对密集.Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-6赫克歇尔-俄林理论TheHeckscher-OhlinModel赫克歇尔-俄林理论：Heckscher-Ohlintheory强调要素禀赋的差异是贸易产生的唯一动因表明比较优势是受下列因素影响的：•相对要素充裕度(就国家而言)•相对要素密集度(就产品而言)还被称为要素比例理论factor-proportionstheory不同要素在不同国家比例不同；不同要素在不同产品投入比例不同；Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-7埃利·赫克歇尔（EliHeckscher）《域际和国际贸易》老师伯蒂尔·俄林（BertilOhlin）学生Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-8关于模型aboutModel•模型的假设•模型的设立与分析•模型的假说•假说理论•一国的假设；两国的假设？Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-9两要素的赫克歇尔俄林经济模型TwoFactorHeckscher-OhlinModel模型的假定：1.Laborservicesandlandaretheresourcesimportantforproduction.劳动和土地是生产的重要资源。2.Theamountoflaborservicesandlandvariesacrosscountries,andthisvariationinfluencesproductivity.不同国家资源存量，从而影响生产率。3.Thesupplyoflaborservicesandlandineachcountryisconstant.各国劳动和土地供给给定。Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-10两要素的赫克歇尔俄林经济模型TwoFactorHeckscher-OhlinModel4.Onlytwogoodsareimportantforproductionandconsumption:clothandfood.假定两种产品。5.Competitionallowsfactorsofproductiontobepaida“competitive”wage,afunctionoftheirproductivitiesandthepriceofthegoodthattheyproduce,andallowsfactorstobeusedintheindustrythatpaysthemost.市场竞争使得要素可获得“竞争性”工资，要素将付高薪资的部门从业。6.Onlytwocountriesaremodeled:domesticandforeign两国假设。Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-11模型的假设条件•一个国家生产两种产品：棉布cloth和粮食food.•两种产品的生产需要投入两种有限供给的要素：劳动（L）和土地（T）。•两个国家中，粮食的生产是土地密集型的，而棉布的生产是劳动密集型的。•所有市场是完全竞争的。两要素经济模型Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-12生产的可能性ProductionPossibilities•Whenthereismorethanonefactorofproduction,theopportunitycostinproductionisnolongerconstantandthePPFisnolongerastraightline.Why?•当模型不是唯一要素投入，机会成本不再不变，生产可能性边界也不再是直线。？•Let’sexpandthepreviouschapter’smodeltoincludetwofactorsofproduction,laborservicesandland.aTC=hectaresoflandusedtoproduceonem2ofclothaLC=hoursoflaborusedtoproduceonem2ofclothaTF=hectaresoflandusedtoproduceonecalorieoffoodaLF=hoursoflaborusedtoproduceonecalorieoffoodL=totalamountoflaborservicesavailableforproductionT=totalamountofland(terrain)availableforproductionCopyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-13生产的可能性ProductionPossibilities•两要素模型的生产可能性边界•Productionpossibilitiesareinfluencedbybothlandandlabor(requirements):aTFQF+aTCQC≤TaLFQF+aLCQC≤LTotalamountoflandresourcesLandrequiredforeachunitoffoodproductionTotalunitsoffoodproductionLandrequiredforeachunitofclothproductionTotalunitsofclothproductionTotalamountoflaborresourcesLaborrequiredforeachunitoffoodproductionLaborrequiredforeachunitofclothproductionCopyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-14生产的可能性ProductionPossibilities•Let’sassumethateachunitofclothproductionuseslaborservicesintensivelyandeachunitoffoodproductionuseslandintensively:•衣服为劳动密集型；食物为土地密集型；aLC/aTCaLF/aTFOraLC/aLFaTC/aTFOr,weconsiderthetotalresourcesusedineachindustryandsaythatclothproductionislaborintensiveandfoodproductionislandintensiveifLC/TCLF/TF.•Thisassumptioninfluencestheslopeoftheproductionpossibilityfrontier:Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-15Fig.4-1:要素不可替代的生产可能性边界TheProductionPossibilityFrontierWithoutFactorSubstitutionCopyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-16生产的可能性ProductionPossibilities•Theopportunitycostofproducingclothintermsoffoodisnotconstantinthismodel:•此模型中：机会成本不再不变。it’slowwhentheeconomyproducesalowamountofclothandahighamountoffood生产少量衣服，大量食物时，机会成本小；反之就大。it’shighwhentheeconomyproducesahighamountofclothandalowamountoffoodWhy?Becausewhentheeconomydevotesallresourcestowardstheproductionofasinglegood,themarginalproductivityofthoseresourcestendstobelowsothatthe(