为什么要代理商?陈绍祥教授南洋商学院南洋理工大学新加坡639798电话:(65)6790-6143电邮:aschen@ntu.edu.sg买断代理制与佣金代理制哪个好?成本、收益、风险如何权衡?改革开放以后,维系生产企业和流通企业特定关系的指令性计划基本取消了,工商企业面对阶段性的市场无序竞争,往往自成体系,结果导致工商企业在剧烈波动的市场环境中起伏不定,力量相互抵消,使国有大中型企业的人才优势、技术优势、资金优势都得不到很好的发挥,正是经历了这样的市场化过程,工商企业开始认识到建立长期稳定的工商关系的重要性,探索发展代理制,进行市场营销方式的改革。从1995年开始,原内贸部开始推广代理制,出台了有关钢材、汽车代理制的试点方案,1996年内内贸部又推出《推进生产资料代理制试点工作意见》。制造商代理商客户买断制佣金制代理型供应链的缺陷:牛鞭效应,利益分成,被代理商控制代理商创造什么价值?相似配送中心(CrossDocking)的经济性CMCrossDockingPointCM交易活动成本降低Prof.ChenShaoxiangNanyangBusinessSchool风险汇减原理•供应•需求•资金(融资)•运输•库存买断代理制与佣金代理制哪个好?佣金代理制:共担风险,共享其成单一时期库存随机模型:报童公式0.95单位成本C=$2/份,售价R=$10/份假定:缺货=当需求库存量时季初应购买(生产)多少?缺货概率用a表示服务水平=1-a需求量/天概率40.0550.1560.1570.2080.2590.10100.101.00Prof.ChenShaoxiangNanyangBusinessSchool缺货概率0.800.650.450.200.100.00报童公式News-BoyFormula最优订货(生产,储存)量S的确定:Prob(DS)=a=CRProf.ChenShaoxiangNanyangBusinessSchool缺货概率C=$2,R=$10CR=210=0.2a=最优库存水平S=8单位Prof.ChenShaoxiangNanyangBusinessSchool为什么?已买7个,1more?多付(增加成本):=C=$2增收(增加收入):=R=$10只有当需求量7时可能性0.45期望收入10x0.45=$4.5Yes!报童公式News-BoyFormula举例0.95需求量/天概率40.0550.1560.1570.2080.2590.10100.101.00缺货概率0.800.650.450.200.100.00Prob(DQ*)=a=Prof.ChenShaoxiangNanyangBusinessSchool最优服务水平=1-a=Cu+CoCoCu+CoCuCu=短货成本/单位Co=余货成本/单位报童公式最优订货(生产,储存)量S的确定使得:缺货概率Dr.Chen计数机店进价=$450售价=$1000过时降价=$500运输、保养费=$150最优订货量S?•C=?•R=?短货成本/单位(Cu)余货成本/单位(Co)$40$10缺货概率a=Co/(Cu+Co)=0.2Q*?0.95需求量概率40.0550.1560.1570.2080.2590.10100.101.00缺货概率0.800.650.450.200.100.00预留成本率:A临时拆现率:B短货成本/单位:B余货成本/单位:A最优服务水平=A+BB=C%银行预备金的确定资金需求(从小到大):1,3,4,6,10,11,14,18,D,23,25,35,C%最优预留量=D资金需求预测误差(从小到大):-8,-2,-1,-1,0,0,2,4,D,7,7,8,预留成本率:A临时拆现率:B短货成本/单位:B余货成本/单位:A最优服务水平=A+BB=C%C%最优预留量=预测+D银行预备金的确定需求预测概率分布DemandScenarios0%5%10%15%20%25%30%80001000012000140001600018000SalesProbability需求量可能的需求量概率182211281110需求概率累积(服务水平)缺货概率80000.110.110.89100000.110.220.78120000.280.50.5140000.220.720.28160000.180.90.1180000.110需求期望值13100名牌时装时装成本Costs•单位成本(C):$80•售价(S):$125•季末残价(V):$20•生产固定投资(F):$100,000•Q是生产量,D是需求•利润=销售额-变动成本-固定成本+残值时装最优方案最佳订量使得利润期望最大?短货成本/单位(Cu)余货成本/单位(Co)$45$60缺货概率a=Co/(Cu+Co)=0.571Q*=1200?13100需求期望值010.1180000.10.90.18160000.280.720.22140000.50.50.28120000.780.220.11100000.890.110.118000缺货概率累积(服务水平)概率需求单位成本(C):$80售价(S):$125季末残价(V):$20生产固定投资(F):$100,000期望利润$0$100,000$200,000$300,000$400,0008000120001600020000OrderQuantityProfit生产量利润9000最优厂商厂商配送中心零售DC商店生产固定成本=$100,000生产变动成本=$35售价=$125残值=$20供应合同SupplyContracts商业模型供应价回收价零售商厂商买断$800余货回收$80$55售额分享$60085%15%需求预测概率分布DemandScenarios0%5%10%15%20%25%30%80001000012000140001600018000SalesProbability需求量可能的需求量概率182211281110需求概率累积(服务水平)缺货概率80000.110.110.89100000.110.220.78120000.280.50.5140000.220.720.28160000.180.90.1180000.110需求期望值13100厂商厂商配送中心零售DC商店生产固定成本=$100,000生产变动成本=$35售价=$125残值=$20批发价=$80供应合同SupplyContracts买断:分销商期望利润函数曲线$0$100,000$200,000$300,000$400,0008000120001600020000OrderQuantityProfit订货量利润最优•分销商的最优订货量为12000•分销商期望利润为$470,700(分销商不需付100000的固定成本)•生产商期望利润为•12000*(80-35)-100000=$440,000•供应链总利润为470000+440000=$910,700–生产商和分销商有没有办法使得各自的利润增大?供应合同SupplyContracts厂商厂商配送中心零售DC商店生产固定成本=$100,000生产变动成本=$35售价=$125残值=$20批发价=$80余货回收价=$55供应合同SupplyContracts分销商利润(回收价$55)0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,0006000700080009000100001100012000130001400015000160001700018000OrderQuantityRetailerProfit$513,800生产商期望利润(回收价$55)0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,0006000700080009000100001100012000130001400015000160001700018000ProductionQuantityManufacturerProfit$471,900厂商厂商配送中心零售DC商店生产固定成本=$100,000生产变动成本=$35售价=$125残值=$20批发价=$60销售额分成15%供应合同SupplyContracts15%85%RevenueShare0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,0006000700080009000100001100012000130001400015000160001700018000OrderQuantityRetailerProfit$504,325分销商利润(回收价$55,RS15%)0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,0006000700080009000100001100012000130001400015000160001700018000ProductionQuantityManufacturerProfit$481,375生产商期望利润(回收价$55)策略零售商厂商总计各自最优470,700440,000910,700余货回收513,800471,900985,700售额分享504,325481,375985,700供应合同SupplyContracts厂商厂商配送中心零售DC商店生产固定成本=$100,000生产变动成本=$35售价=$125残值=$20供应合同SupplyContracts“一家人”供应链利润0200,000400,000600,000800,0001,000,0001,200,0006000700080009000100001100012000130001400015000160001700018000ProductionQuantitySupplyChainProfit$1,014,500策略零售商厂商总计各自最优470,700440,000910,700余货回收513,800471,900985,700售额分享504,325481,375985,700整体最优1,014,500供应合同SupplyContracts•有效的供应合同可使供应链伙伴取代各自最优为全局最优•余货回收和售额分享合同能通过风险分担达到以上目标启示•Example:Demandforamovienewlyreleasedvideocassettetypicallystartshighanddecreasesrapidly–Peakdemandlastabout10weeks•Blockbusterpurchasesacopyfromastudiofor$65andrentfor$3–Hence,retailermustrentthetapeatleast22timesbeforeearningprofit•Retailerscannotjustifypurchasingenoughtocoverthepeakdemand–In1998,20%ofsurveyedcustomersreportedthattheycouldnotrentthemovietheywanted供应合同SupplyContracts案例SupplyContracts:CaseStudy•Startingin1998Blockbusterenteredarevenuesharingagreementwiththemajorstudios–Studiocharges$8percopy–Blockbusterpays30-45%ofitsrentalincome•EvenifBlockbusterkeepsonlyhalfoftherentalincome,thebreakevenpointis6rentalpercopy•TheimpactofrevenuesharingonBlockbusterwasdramatic–Rentalsincreasedby75%intestmarket