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3,,,(subsistencewage)(1),,(16621672)(1766),(1798),,(1817),,,,,1,(Lassalle,1862)(ironlawofwages),,(Lewis,1954),;(Nurkse,1953)(Nelson,1956),,1,,1,,(reservationwage)(2),(1),12,();(2)(,1949;,1961;,1975)17901830(18001850)1;(3)2,173(70233003)(N05LJ04);(4)2,,2,,2()(thecanonicallaborsupplymodel),,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,2,,,,;,,,:,2;;,,:,;11,,,():maxU(Y,R)s1t1Y+wRFM+wT,UYRwMT(),,1CBA,Awr,,,,,,,():maxU(Y,R)s1t1Y+wRFM+wT,YEYE1,,YE127200621,,FKJ,1,wL,,w,YE1FM+wL,YEYE1,,CBF,M+wLYE1,,;Lw+M=YE1,L=(YE1-M)/w,FK;CBAF;KJ,,,F,FKJ,,,,,2(2005a,2005b),FKJ21,,,,2:D1CBFKJ,2(a)D1,,,(wr),2:D2FK,2(b)Z,,;,Z,,,Z(1994),,,(,1997),,,,,,,,,(,1776,,63),D2,;,,D1,:,,;,,:D3FBFK,2(c),V,372;X,D3FK,,,X,,;X,,V:D4FB,2(d),,,,,,2,12,,:(1),4720062,(,2005c)(2),,(wF),,,,(,2005b)(3),,2;,X,2(Ashton,1949)(1961)1,,,,,,,,,,2,,,;,1619,(,2004)(1954),,,,:,(),(,1998,8182),,2(a),,D1wrAJH;,,,,,,(w0)(wr),,,,,(,2005b)(1953)(viciouscir2cleofpoverty),()(),:(1956)(atheoryofthelow-levele2quilibriumtrap),,,,,,,,2();,,HJ,257,,,,,,21,,,,2,,2,,,12,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2,,,,2,,,,,:,,,,,20055,,,,,,,6720062,(),,,,(N),,,,,(:17901930,,,,,2003),,17901930,17901830:T1S1Ashton,TheStandardofLifeoftheWorkersinEng2land1790-1830,JournalofEconomicHistory,supple2mentIX(1949);Capi2talismandtheHistorians:TheStandardofLifeoftheWorkersinEngland1790-1830,byT1S1AshtonAshton,T1S1,TheStandardofLifeoftheWorkersinEngland1790-1830,JournalofEconomicHistory,supplementIX,19491Lassalle,F1J1G1,1862,OpenlettertotheNationalLaborAssociationofGermany,Trans1J1EhmannandF1Bader,Cin2cinnati:CincinnatiPress,18791Lewis,W1Arthur1,EconomicDevelopmentwithUnlimitedSuppliesofLabour,TheManchesterSchoolofEconomicandSocialStudies,22(May),19541,,,1984,4895;,,1989Nelson,R1R1,ATheoryoftheLowLevelEquilibriumTrap,AmericanEconomicReview46,19561Nurkse,R1,1953,ProblemofCapitalFormationinUnderdevelopmentCountries,1962edition,NewYork:OxfordUniver2sityPress1,1766:,,1961::,,2005:,20055:,20053,1961:18001850,,,,,2003,1975:,,,2003:,()20043:,19943:,,1997,1817:,,1976,1798:,,,1959;,,,1961,1662:,,,1981,1776:(),,1972,1998:,,2003::77