我国小城镇给水系统模式研究

重庆大学硕士学位论文我国小城镇给水系统模式研究姓名：谭倩申请学位级别：硕士专业：环境工程指导教师：罗固源20051001中文摘要I摘要发展小城镇是我国今后相当长一段时间内的城市化发展战略，小城镇的给水工程作为其中重要的基础设施之一，对小城镇的经济建设和人民生活有着举足轻重的作用。现阶段而言，我国小城镇给水建设存在大量问题，主要以水源短缺和建设模式无序为主。我国尚没有针对小城镇给水系统建设的相应规范和标准，也缺少不同类别小城镇给水系统建设方法的针对性研究，小城镇给水工程系统选择、总体布局、宏观决策方面的全系统优化研究以及区域给水的研究更是处于起步阶段、缺乏系统性，针对小城镇给水而进行的区域给水建设技术研究几乎是一片空白。鉴于上述问题，本论文以实地调研为切入点，采用共性与个性相结合、理论与实践相结合、吸纳原有给水标准规范与创新相结合、科学研究成果与小城镇发展实际相结合的方法，对不同地域、不同自然条件、不同经济发展水平的各类小城镇提出给水水源和给水系统模式方面的技术思路和技术支持。首先明确了小城镇给水水源种类和一般选择顺序，指出小城镇应优先选择符合标准的地下水为给水水源，建议小城镇除利用常规水源外，还应因地制宜地开发特色水资源或非传统水资源作为给水水源或第二水源，分地区提出岩溶水开发、雨水集蓄和污水回用。在充分认识小城镇及其给水系统特点的基础上，对小城镇给水系统模式进行了辨识，将小城镇给水系统从宏观上分为区域给水系统和独立给水系统，并对两类系统逐一进行研究。对于独立给水系统，对其分类、适用条件、组成及工艺流程进行概括总结性研究，并结合小城镇特性对系统选择方法、给水方式提出建议。提倡有条件的小城镇采取区域给水模式，阐明了小城镇实施区域给水的可行性，对不同经济发展水平和不同空间位置的小城镇提出相应的区域给水发展策略，对区域给水分类、适用条件、发展原则、技术要点、管网的建设、需水量预测方法进行了较为系统的阐述。另外，通过分析给水工程单位成本经济规律，指出区域给水的范围应适宜，并引出给水半径的概念，从投资效益的角度出发，建立给水半径即输水距离模型，作为确定区域给水辐射范围的理论上的简易判据，并得出给水半径与给水量、水价和基准收益率的关系，同时，在对给水系统的取水工程、净水工程和输配水工程分别进行费用函数拟合的基础之上，建立以给水工程年经营成本最低为目标函数，水量输入输出为决策变量，水量供需平衡为约束的区域给水系统宏观规划决策模型，以此确定区域给水中水厂与用水城镇的组合关系、新建水厂的规模及现重庆大学硕士学位论文II有水厂的扩建水量。通过算例验证，本文建立的模型优化结果良好，具有一定的实用价值和推广价值。小城镇应根据实际情况，因地制宜，灵活地进行给水系统的选择和优化组合。对于小城镇给水系统方案的优选，本文提出可采用直观技术经济比较、经济评价以及多目标权重评分综合评价等方法，比较和筛选出合理化的系统方案。关键词：小城镇，独立给水，区域给水，给水半径，优化模型英文摘要IIIABSTRACTDevelopmentofsmalltownsisconsideredasalong-termurbanizationstrategyforChina.Watersupplyfacilityisoneofthenecessaryinfrastructuresforthesmalltownsandisthesignificantfoundationforsustainableeconomydevelopmentandimprovementoflocalpeople’slivingstandard.Presently,therearealargenumberofproblemsforwatersupplyengineeringinsmalltowns,mainlyincludingscarcityofwatersourcesanddisordermodesofwatersupplysystems.Furthermore,therearenopertinentregulationsandstandardsfortheconstructionofwatersupplysystemsinsmalltownsinChina,andscantofstudiesondifferentmethodstoconstructwatersupplyfacilitiesforvariouscategoriesofsmalltowns.Thestudyaboutsystemselection,overallarrangement,anddecisionmakingisstillatitsbeginningstage.Studiesuponregionalwatersupply,especiallytechniquesofregionalwatersupplyconstructionforsmalltownsarealsolimitedandlowerinintegrityasasystem.Tohandletheproblemsmentionedabove,thisdissertationisbasedonon-siteinvestigation,integratingpracticeintotheories,combiningexistedregulationswithinnovativerules,employingresearchfindingstopracticalsituations,toserveastechnicalframeworkandsupportforwatersourcesandmodesofwatersupplysystemsinvariouscategoriesofsmalltownswithdiverselocations,naturalconditions,andeconomicdevelopmentlevel.Firstly,categoriesofwatersourcesandconventionalselectionofroutinewatersourcesforsmalltownsarebothidentified.Forexample,Groundwater,whichcanmeetthecriteria,isgiventhepriority.Recommendingthatwatersourceswithonsitecharacteristicsandunconventionalfeaturesshouldactaswatersourcesorbackupsources.Exploitationofkarstwater,utilizationofrainwatercatchmentandrecycleofmunicipalwastewaterarealsorespectivelygivenasoptionsindifferentregions.Basedontheunderstandingoffeaturesforsmalltownsandcorrespondingwatersupplysystems,modesofwatersupplysystemsinsmalltownsareclassifiedasregionalwatersupplysystemsandindependentwatersupplysystems.Asforindependentwatersupplysystems,categories,requirements,technologicalprocess,andcomponentsaresummarized,withthesuggestionsforsystemselection,watersupplymodesetal.However,itisstronglyrecommendedthatforconditionalsmalltowns,regionalwatersupplyisabetterchoice.Then,thefeasibilityofregionalwatersupplyinsmalltownsis重庆大学硕士学位论文IVanalyzed.Notonlystrategiesofregionalwatersupplyinsmalltownswithdiverselocationsandeconomiclevelsisdiscussed,butalsomanyotheraspectsofregionalwatersupplyarestudied,suchasthetypesofsystems,requirements,developmentprinciples,majortechnologies,pipelinesconstruction,andwaterdemandpredictionetc.Inaddition,accordingtotheeconomiclawofunitcostsforwatersupplyprojects,thesuitablerangeforregionalwatersupplyisdeterminedwiththeintroductionofwatersupplyradius.Thus,fromthepointofinvestmentbenefits,watersupplyradius(watersupplydistances)modelisestablishedasasimplecriterionforthedeterminationoftherangeofregionalwatersupply,withadetailingstudyontherelationshipsbetweenwatersupplyradiusandwateramount,waterprice,andaverageinvestmentratio.Basedonfittedcostfunctionsofintakeengineering,treatmentengineeringanddistributionengineering,anoptimizationmodelingsystemisdevelopedtoachievetheleastoperationcostwithconstraintsofwaterbalance.Combinationofwatersupplyplantsandtowns,capacityofnewlyconstructedplantsandcapacityextensionofexistingplantsinaregioncouldbedeterminedthroughtheresultofthemodel.Thehypothesiscasealsoindicatesthattheoptimizationmodelingsystemisstableandpractical.Finally,directcomparisonsmethodbasedontechnologicalandeconomicindicators,economicevaluationmethod,andweightingmethodformultipleobjectivesareallsetforthtosingleoutoptimalsystemschemesforwatersupplyinsmalltowns.Keywords:Smalltowns,Independentwatersupply,Regionalwatersupply,Watersupplyradius,Optimizationmodel1绪论11绪论1.1发展小城镇给水的重要性1.1.1小城镇大战略我国有13亿人口，9亿在农村[1]。党的十六大报告指出，困扰我国实现全面小康目标的限制性条件就是我国“城乡二元经济结构还没有改变