财税与贸易

1633-16391684275276168418591661-16831717-1727277TradeandCustomsDuties:TheExpansionofSino-JapaneseTradeinCommoditiesDuringthePeriodofJapaneseNationalSeclusionLiuShiuh-fengAbstractTradebetweenChinaandJapanduringtheQingdynasty,oftencalledthe“Nagasakitrade,”wasconductedatatimewhentheTokugawaShogunatebannedmerchantsofallcountriesexceptChinaandHollandfromenteringJapaneseports.ThemaritimerestrictionissuedbytheShogunatebetween1633and1639prohibitedJapanesecitizensfromtravelingabroad,putanendtothepromulgationofChristianityinJapan,outlinedJapan’spolicyofNationalSeclusion,andrestrictedChineseandDutchvesselstotheportofNagasaki.Asaresult,Sino-JapanesetradeduringthisperiodreliedcompletelyonChinesejunks.In1684theQinggovernmentliftedthebanonmaritimetradeandtheSino-Japanesetradebegantoboom.TheQingdynastyaimedtoincreasegovernmentcustomsrevenuesandtoimportmoreJapanesecopper.It278encouragedChinesetoengageinthetradewithJapan.Asaresult,copper,essentialtothebimetallicChinesecurrencysystem,wasimportedinlargequantitiesandplayedanimportantpartinstabilizingChina’seconomyandsociety.Chinesemerchantsbroughtprimarilysilk,medicines,andsugartoJapan.Japan’sexportsgraduallyshiftedfromcoppertogold,silver,andmaritimeproducts.ThispaperprimarilyreliesonrecordsoftheChinesejunktradekeptbytheDutchinNagasaki.ItalsoreliesonpublishedChineseandJapanesehistoricalmaterials.Ifocusontheperiodfrom1684,aftertheliftingofChina’smaritimeban,to1859,whenJapanopenedNagasaki,Yokohama,andotherportstointernationaltrade.IanalyzethestructuralchangesintheproductsimportedandexportedbetweenChinaandJapan,thedemandforthoseproducts,andtheeconomicandfinancialrelationsbetweenthetwocountries.IshowthatevenifnoofficialrelationsweremaintainedbetweenJapanandChinaduringthisperiod,Chinesecommercialvesselsstillpliedtheroutesbetweenthetwocountries.Thecontinuationoftradedespitethecutting-offofdiplomaticrelations,Ibelieve,canbeexplainedbyeachcountry’sinterestincollectingcustomsdutiesandthecontinueddemandfortheother’sproductsandcommodities.Keywords:Japan,NationalSeclusion(sakoku),Nagasaki,JapaneseCopper,Sino-JapaneseTrade,MaritimeCustoms279***1633-1639***28011637-1833216841736-17951　　6211195321637-1833——19872813451684185961661-16831717-17273719994　　　—　　　—151986519935　1981　　198161861185028216481684265,37450011001107,172168316841684241685851688194711685168659675516946523417024001708270016017151201733950176416851697228699170917631847087　　　　　—　　　—　　—　　　　　　　2　　　　1993107-1088196457153-154213-215315-3191986307281916420-4211981667-6682831(100)242168573600027168870371116988012200640.2475170859102005451715306000(3000)30056217174080005841719304000(700)1118173329173625551740203900721742102000(1000)15010001131746102000150101421749154050*1506030217651335101306005631791102740100493.7*1284-01815200,　372-751989302-303284916841684953004001696171040070017153001742150176513017911001181610018161820100101191023219-2231119752851218421314481709171415171116342212719721319641761451968356578151970161711—1960106-1392862171150341,754,19451043,5007459810017329146,3863237,2955039,4111,000421,07532,00014,5281970045,2603,03446523020,2621,339201,9504097,557654,987485911,1281,9599288,5142073011550091958132132-3521,797,6003452,800655,00098100170827009283351770251820287176513130176317171988423-459—681011193628831770182073513325111,300,0001,100,000104,97958,1633,7002,411,76235,4579,538126356,120114,2308,4921,387,20082,50226,5302,2191837525016,504.5calmaat9,00079093,20810,3002,31421603716331160481,00050146314012297287601101010321322503901308007,608424295001637-1833273-74322-2328917728018103-1820A177014191770180418394186192812119206290411001770112,863.9771,495.00052.2549.60819.19819.36928.611804114,361.8974,286.7571,265.00029.001,265.00029.511,634.09837.461,417.68033.071,462.79933.541,604.07737.42183985,433.268920.00016.932,301.35342.362,211.91540.71　208280368-69　426-27544546　2062801770180418394183929151711505443,2801,98030018,3004,6002,09633,64450,276.05515,8006,59922,70092,8005623,36764,192214,24013,3917332,0306,23075,380811570,81794411,39071836,040688139,0002,48853,8801,19399,6101,5201,300346171,1606683821991332,762.26,72667,6073955,3916147676,19811,92270029,56685,821240202,14968475,5604,475,4901,2804,0392,83012,16718,270195,2401,10095,7601042099,0501808,930459,534458029782,56810,6005,55016,98011,5503,78030,37910,3467201,700778,860140210911,4286658116197429217091715171154551804180411171166171118045017119180454111150,2769312,413219202,1493,74314,3661,30629,56654914,9011,3554,475,49082,8791,285,600116,873778,86014,423909,21882,656332,7626,162270,54324,595515,8009,552385,04935,00433,64462313,8691,26100263204,00050610019,753107-118197-20329317111804181,75017115195,240180420,17518041712　735202120——1997271-31621128-130,235-2371637-183327-2829422181416237178924500251789-911801101816397,619261995224852330—19973342419653724288542523199045-46261637-1833236-382956-1027717642915695,82046,3881770161,052,70770,18011783151,214,89980,993179216721,47145,09218016141,036,34374,0251812142,848,359203,454182117757,026108,14718298878,085109,761