英国文学简史笔记(完整版)

Chapter1伊丽莎白统治之前的时代分为三个阶段：古英语（安格鲁撒克逊）时期，中世纪英语（安格鲁诺曼）时期，伊丽莎白统治前时期。大不列颠岛相继被卡尔特人、罗马人和安格鲁撒克逊人占据。【TheOldEnglish(Anglo-Saxon)Period】TheBritishcivilizationisoneoftheoldestintheworld.sign:theStonehenge（巨石阵）prehistoricmonumentalpileofstonesCelts（凯尔特人）wereprobablythefirstinhabitantsoftheBritishIslesinrecordedhistory.Oneoftheirtribes,theBritons（不列颠人），cameoverinthe5thcenturyBC.亚瑟王传奇Arthurianlegends500yearsRomanConquest,JuliusCaesar（尤里乌斯凯撒）55BC500yearsAnglo-SaxonConquest,5thcenturyIn597ADtheAnglo-SaxonsbegantobeconvertedtoChristianity.paganelements/regularelementsreligionelementsInthesecondhalfofthe7thcentury,thefirstEnglishpoet,Caedmonbyname，begantosing.Anothercenturypassed,Beowulf.Inthe9thcentury,KingAlfreddecidedthatliteratureshouldbewritteninthevernacular（方言）ofOldEnglish.WiththearrivalofSt.Augustinein597ADandthesubsequentspreadofChristianinfluenceandclassicallearning,heathenpoetrywasmaneuveredoutofthescene.atimeofintermingling（过渡时期）ofthepaganwiththeChristiancomponentsinpoetry.安格鲁撒克逊时期唯一完整的诗歌：Beowulf：1.ThenationalepicofEnglishpeople,apaganpoem2.Anepicofwellover3000lines.3.ThegreatestepiceverleftbytheancientGermanictribes.4.ThemostancienteversincethedemiseoftheGreekandRomanliteratures.5.TheonlyorganicwholepoemtocomeoutoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.6.ThestorytakesplaceinScandinavia,nomentionofEngland.7.AngloSaxon’searlylifeinEnglandTheme:Thepoemtellsthestoryofa6thcenturyhero,Beowulf.Itisbasicallyatwo-partnarrative——Beowulf’sfightwiththesea-monstersGrendelandhismotherinthefirstpart,andhiskillingafierydragonandhisdeathinthesecond.1.humandesireforsomesuperpowertoconquernature.2.greattraditionofrealism（现实主义传统）Versification:1.PaganstoryhasanChristianoverlay（覆盖物，表面）.（作诗法）ThemixtureofpaganandChristianelements2.usingofkenning(一种描写手法)e.g.:seaisoften“swan’sway”or“whale-path.3.conspiciousoccurrenceofalliteration(头韵).4.narratorofthepoem,the“I”isaminstrel/scop/gleeman（吟游诗人）5.story’sdigressivemannerofnarration.6.elevatedtone（提高的音调）.7.theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatementsThenthepaganwassuperseded（超过）bythereligiousspirit,andminstrels（吟游诗人）gavewaytolearnedmen.Caedmon（凯德蒙）:thefirstknownpoetinEnglishliteraryhistory.TheEcclesiasticalHistoryofEngland（英格兰教会史）bythevenerableBede（比得）.欧洲最早的编年史：Anglo-SaxonChronicle（编年史）foundedbyKingAlfredtheGreat（阿尔弗雷德大帝）.【Medieval（中世纪）Literature:abriefintroduction】1066NormanConquest:markedthebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishorAnglo-Normanperiod.(1066-1400)In1066,____,withhisNormanarmy,succeededininvadinganddefeatingEngland.A.WilliamtheConquerorB.JuliusCaesarC.AlfredtheGreatD.ClaudiusAftertheNormanConquest,threelanguagesexistedinEnglandatthattime.TheNormansspoke_____.A.FrenchB.EnglishC.LatinD.SwedishThechangesandreplacementofdynastyandgovernment:TheNormanlineofkings90years1154AngevinkingsKingHenryⅡandhisdescendants245years1399TheHouseofLancasterFewoccurrencesofhistoricmagnitude:TheEstablishmentoftheFeudalSystem（封建制）WilliamtheConquerorgrabbedAnglo-Saxonlandbyforceandgaveittohisnoblesandfollowers.The1381PeasantUprising（农民起义）LedbyWatTylerofKentandJackStrawofEssex1086TheCompletionoftheDomesdayBook（末日审判书）AhistoricalrecordofAnglo-Saxoninstitutions,customs,andwayoflifeTheLaunchingoftheCrusades.（十字军东征）AseriousofwarsbetweenChristiansandtheMuslims(1096-1270)Thefirstcommunicationbetweeneastandwest1215ThesigningoftheMagnaCarter.（大宪章）KingJohnwasforcedtorecognizetherightsofthepowerfulbarons.（男爵）（Duke公Marquis侯Count伯Viscount子Baron爵）Asignificanteventinthelongdeclineofthemonarchy1337-1453TheWarwithFranceortheHundredYears’War（英法战争）NormanandAnglo-Saxonelementsbegantocoalesceintoonenation,andtheEnglishlanguagestartedtorevive.Theemergenceofnation（民族兴起）Fewimportantpointsofliterature:Legend传奇：TheGrowthoftheArthurianLegends（亚瑟王传奇）Notputdownonpaperuntil1147GeoffreyofMonmouthcameoutwithhisLatinHistoriaReugmBritanniae.Beenrichedbyagoodnumberoflaterwriters.1205Layamonwrotehiscastverseworkof32,000linesBrutinEnglish.ThebeginningoftherevivalofEnglishasaliterarymediumRomance骑士文学：SirGawainandtheGreenKnight:(《高文爵士和绿骑士》)astoryofadventure--fictitious,frequentlymarvelousorsupernatural--inverseorprose.TheprevailingformofMedievalEnglishliteratureis____.A.novelB.dramaC.romanceD.essayThestoryof___istheculminationoftheArthurianromances.A.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightB.BeowulfC.PiersthePlowmanD.TheCanterburyTalesThethemeof____tokingandlordwasrepeatedlyemphasizedinromances.A.loyaltyB.revoltC.obedienceD.mockeryAfamousromanaboutKingArthur’sstoryA4-partworkof2,530linesin101sections.knightlyvirtues:loyalty,valor（勇猛）,rectitude（正直）,andintegrity.OneChristmas（故事发生的时间）1.某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。一位绿衣骑士前来向圆桌骑士挑战：有谁敢当场砍下他的头，并让他一年后回敬一斧。高文接受挑战，砍下了绿衣骑士的头。那具依然活着的躯体捡起头颅，回到绿色的教堂。2.一年以后，高文践约去寻找绿衣骑士，历经千辛来到一座城堡。3.城堡女主人趁丈夫外出狩猎耍尽花招引诱高文；高文不为所动。4.最后高文在向导的陪同下离开城堡前往绿色教堂。绿衣骑士原来就是城堡的男主人，他举斧向高文进攻三次，前两次落空，第三次在他的脖子上划出轻伤。绿衣骑士向他解释：落空的两斧是对他两次不受女主人诱惑并如实交换所得之物的回报，第三斧则是对高文隐瞒女主人送他腰带的惩罚。高文辞别绿衣骑士返回亚瑟王的宫廷，将自己的历险告诉众人，骑士们一致认为他为圆桌骑士争了光。那根女主人送他的腰带成了纯洁的道德的象征。Thedescriptionofthechangeofseasonsandthedifficultterrainofhisroutewithitswastelandandwildanimals,servesinfactasameansofexternalizing（外化）thecomplexinginnerw