20051,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,(,),,,,,,90%302,,?,,,,83RobertD.Putnam,MakingDemocracyWork:CivicTraditionsinModernItaly(PrincetonUniversityPress,1993)pp.152162.SaraTerry,ResurrectingHope,TheBostonGlobeMagazine(July17,1994),p.22.:,,2001,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,(),22,,,,,40%,,,,,93RobertD.Putnam,BowlingAlone:TheCollapseandRevivalofAmericanCommunity(Simon&Schuster,2000),p.66.Putnampsanalysisof1996NationalElectionStudy.PutnampsanalysisofaScripps2Howard/OhioUniversityNationalSurveyofInterpersonalCommunica2tion,June1997.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1920,,,;;04Cnaan,BoddieandYancey,BowlingAloneButServingTogether,inSmidt,ed.,ReligionasSo2cialCapital:ProducingtheCommonGood(BaylorUniversity,2003),p.23.FredrickC.Harris,Somethingwithin:ReligioninAfricanAmericanPoliticalActivism(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1999),esp.pp.59,6364;C.EricLincolnandLawrenceH.Mamiya,TheBlackChurchintheAfricanAmericanExperience(Durham,N.C.:DukeUniversityPress,1990);MaryPattillo2McCoy,ChurchCultureasaStrategyofActionintheBlackCommunity,A2mericanSociologicalReview,Vol.63(December1998),pp.767784.,TheGeneralSocialSurvey,NationalElectionStudy,RoperSocialandPoliticalTrendsSur2veys,andDDBNeedhamLifeStyleArchives,Verba,Schlozman,andBrady,VoiceandEquali2ty.;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,14AldonD.Morris,TheOriginsoftheCivilRightsMovement:BlackCommunitiesOrganizingforChange(NewYork:FreePress,1984),p.4;McAdam,FreedomSummer;DougMcAdam,PoliticalProcessandtheDevelopmentofBlackInsurgency19301970(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1982).C.EricLincoln,TheBlackChurchandBlackSelf2Determination(paperpresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAssociationofBlackFoundationExecutives,KansasCity,Missouri,April1989).Joseph,M.V.,TheReligiousandSpiritualAspectsofClinicalPractice:ANeglectedDimensionofSocialWork,SocialThought,Vol.13,No.1,1987,p.17.Cnaan,BoddieandYancey,BowlingAloneButServingTogether,inSmidt,ed.,ReligionasSo2cialCapital:ProducingtheCommonGood,p.25.,,,,;,,,4/10,,1/4,1/4,,82%;72%,;43%,74%,62%,56%,45%;43%,40%,12%,,,;;24RobertWuthnow,SharingtheJourney:SupportGroupsandAmericapsNewQuestforCommunity(NewYork:FreePress,1994).RobertWuthnow,ChristianityandCivilSociety:TheContemporaryDebate(TrinityPressInternation2al,1996),p.35.RobertWuthnow,ChristianityandCivilSociety:TheContemporaryDebate,p.36.Ibid.,pp.3738.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,34,,,,,150200199860%(),33%,18%(93%),,80%,,,,,,,1999,,20,,44MarkChaves,ReligiousCongregationsandWelfareReform:WhoWillTakeAdvantageofCharitableChoice?AmericanSociologicalReview,Vol.64,1999,pp.836846,MarkChaves,CongregationspSocialServiceActivities(Washington,D.C.:TheUrbanInstitute,CenteronNonprofitsandPhilanthropy,1999).AmyL.Sherman,:?,,20001,;;,1992,92%,90%,74%,62%,60%,53%,50%,50%,34%,25%,20%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,54RobertD.Putnam,BowlingAlone:TheCollapseandRevivalofAmericanCommunity(NewYork,Si2mon&Schuster,2000),p.66.LesterM.Salamon,AmericapsNonprofitSection(NewYork:TheFoundationCenter,1999),2nded.p.154.DonaldM.Bishop:,25,,20001,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(:,),,,64,,,,,1996,35,20%30%,60%,()40%,240770100,,,199936,,112,105,199874.5,36,()(2320,2095),,74LesterM.Salamon:AmericapsNonprofitSection,p.151.YearbookofAmerican&CanadianChurches(Nashville:AbingdonPress,2000),p.360.400500473,472,529,1000,,3620%9,84(8.57,1021,5.88,700,69%)2500,,69%10%20%,10%199962(4968),62262,588,40,91,15%1990,399,7410,,,,,,,,84:,327LesterM.Salamon:AmericapsNonprofitSection,p.154.YearbookofAmerican&CanadianChurches,1991,p.279.KennethD.Wald,ReligionandPoliticsintheUnitedStates(NewYork:St.MartinpsPress,1987),pp.2930;Strateetal.,LifeSpanCivicDevelopment,p.452.200110,200083904,155,15,,1991,47%:,19921994,52%,28%,34%60%,79%,78%,199420%,,,,7580%,5560%;5060%,3035%,(),,94LeslieP.Norton,:,,20001::,200115VirginiaA.HodgkinsonandMurrayS.Weitzman,GivingandVolunteeringintheUnitdStates(Washington,D.C.IndependentSector,1996),pp.5,14,121131;VirginiaA.Hodgkinson,MurratS.Weitzman,andArthurD.Kitsch,FromCommitmenttoAction:HowReligiousInvolve2mentAffectsGivingandVolunteering,AndMordechaiRimorandGaryA.Tobin,JewishGivingPatternstoJewishandNon2JewishPhilanthropy,inRobertWuthnowVirginiaA.Hodgkinson,andassociatesed.,FaithandPhilanthropyinAmerica(SanFrancisco:Jossey2Bass,1990),pp.93114,134164.,1:()()50.9%8.0100%19.926.61.6752.44.2916.30.9632.02.4112.30.6324.31.587.10.1214.00.31:1.2003,51%,27%,16%;,52%,32%2.8,1.67,1;20,4.29,2.413.,2:34.8%12.6%13.0%25.8%29.8%22.8%60.013.211.524.629.622.005A.Greeley,TheothercivicAmerica:Religionandsocialcapital,AmericanProspect,Vol.32(May2June,1977),pp.6873.GivingandVolunteeringSurvey,GallupOrganization,conductedin1989,1991,1993,1995.Ibid.30.415.616.627.933.824.935.217.216.533.737.728.032.521.718.334.636.330.8:1.,2.?,,:()(60.0%);,,32.5%,3.:,;,,,,,,,(),,,,,,15,,,Wuthnow,GodandMammoninAmerica(FreePress,1994),p.242.Wuthnow,ActsofCompassion:CaringforOthersandHelpingOurselves(PrincetonUniversityPress,1991),p.325.Wald,Kellstedt&Leege,CivicInvolvementandPoliticalBehavior,Leege&Kellstedt,eds.Re2discoveringtheReligiousFactorinAmericanPolitics(M.E.Sharpe,1993),p.49.,57%,1/3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3:198919911993199577%76%78%71%55%55%54