摘要1资产专用性与员工薪酬的关系研究摘要普通员工薪酬是一个广受社会各界关注的议题。当前通过拉动内需抵御经济危机的呼声再次将公众的焦点集中到了普通员工的薪酬。普通员工的薪酬由什么因素来决定,是理论界和实务界关注的重要问题。国内外对薪酬的研究集中于对经理人薪酬的研究,这是因为对高管薪酬的研究有较为明确的理论基础――委托代理理论,其逻辑是通过对经理人员薪酬契约的设计,尽可能使经理人和股东的利益相一致,从而使得经理为股东利益服务。以这一理论为依据,众多的文献研究了高管薪酬契约的影响因素,如探讨公司业绩、公司规模、资本结构、行业特征、政府管制、经理人的年龄、任职期间、是否企业创始人等因素对高管薪酬契约的影响。学术界对普通员工薪酬的研究比较匮乏,一个重要的原因是缺乏较好的理论基础——能很好解释高管薪酬契约的委托代理理论较难直接套用到普通职工薪酬契约上。人们认为,行业、省份等因素对职工薪酬产生了重要影响,但目前还没有一个清晰的理论框架来解释普通员工薪酬由什么来决定。本文基于产权理论中的资产专用性理论,试图构建关于普通员工薪酬契约影响因素的分析框架。从Williamson关于资产专用性的讨论出发,本文依循如下逻辑思路来论证企业资产专用性对职工薪酬的影响机制:企业为了在市场竞争中胜出,需要进行专用性投资,而专用性资产作用的发挥,需要专用性人力资本与之匹配。但这并不意味着契约双方——企业和劳动者一定相互套牢(hold-up),相反,由于劳动者的人力资本具有更大的适应性和可迁移性,致使企业为了保证自己的专有性投资的收回,需要向劳动者支付更高的溢价(premium)来挽留劳动者。由此,我们提出了本文的核心假说:资产专用性越高的企业,将会向员工支付更高的薪酬。中国从2007年1月1日开始实施的新企业会计准则要求上市公司详细披露职工薪酬的明细资料,为我们进行实证检验提供了数据。摘要对2007年度沪深两市的上市公司的实证研究,在一定程度上支持了本文的假说:在职工薪酬的中低水平区间(年薪8万以下,占全部样本的约3/4),企业资产专用性越高,职工薪酬越高。同时本文发现如果将职工薪酬区分为工资性薪酬(工资、奖金、津贴和补贴)和非工资性薪酬(职工福利费、社会保险等),那么在整体样本上如下结论都成立:企业资产专用性越高,职工非工资性薪酬越高。这说明对于普通员工而言,薪酬契约可能是复杂的:在薪酬水平不高的区间,薪酬总额和非工资性薪酬都随着企业资产专用性的提高而提高;但是在薪酬水平较高的区间,由于工资性薪酬受到管制等可能的原因,从而导致只有非工资性薪酬随着企业资产专用性的提高而提高。本文同时研究了制度环境对上述结论的影响。我们发现:(1)资产专用性与员工薪酬之间的正相关关系,在市场竞争强度高的行业中更为显著;(2)资产专用性与员工薪酬之间的正相关关系,在市场化程度高也就是劳动力流动更加便利的地区中更为显著。本文从产权经济学的资产专用性理论,为普通员工的薪酬决定机理建立了理论框架,并用实证数据初步验证了这一框架。关键词:职工薪酬非工资性薪酬资产专用性市场化水平产品市场竞争强度Abstract1TheEffectofAssetSpecificityonEmployeeSalaryAbstractNon-managerialemployeesalaryisatopicthatpeoplepaycloseattentionto.Currently,thepublicfocusonitagainbecausepromotingdomesticdemandisdeemedasaneffectivewaytoresisttheglobalfinancialcrisis.Tofindoutthedeterminantsofstuffsalaryisacriticalproblembothintheoryandinpractice.Mostresearchinthefieldofcompensationisaboutmanagementcompensation.Becausethereisacleartheorytoexplainmanagementcompensationcontract--thePrincipal-agentTheory.Itslogicis:enterprisesshoulddesignmanager’scompensationcontractinsuchamannerthatmanager’sprofitwillbecoincidewiththatofthestockholder’s.Basedonthistheory,agreatnumberofarticlesappearedtostudythedeterminantsofmanagementcompensationcontract.Forexample,howdoesenterprisesize,capitalstructure,industrycharacteristics,governmentbehavior,manager’sage,tenureperiod,founderorsuccessorinfluencecompensationcontract.Researchesonnon-managerialemployeesalaryarealotfewerthanonmanagementcompensation;acrucialreasonisthatthereisnotacleartheorytoexplainit.ThePrincipal-agentTheoryisuselessinexplainingstaffsalaryalthoughitcanexplainmanagementcompensationreallywell.Peoplegenerallybelievefactorssuchasindustryandprovincehaveanimpactonemployeesalary,however,theoreticalframeworkhasnotbeensetuptoanalyzedeterminantsofnon-managerialemployeesalarycontractyet.OurstudyisbasedonAssetSpecificityTheory,whichisanimportantpartofPropertyRightsTheory.Weattempttosetupaframeworktoanalyzewhichfactorsinfluencenon-managerialemployeesalarycontract.OurstudybeginswithadiscussionaboutassetspecificitybyWilliamson.Thenwecontinuetoanalyzethemechanismoftheeffectofassetspecificityonemployeesalary,ourlogicisasfollows:theenterpriseneedtoinvestinspecializedassetstowinAbstract1inthefiercecompetitioninproductmarket.Enterpriseneedtoinvestinspecializedhumancapitalsothatthespecializedassetsarefullyemployed.Butthisdoesnotmeanbothparties--theenterpriseandtheemployee—mutualhold-up,actually,asemployeecanshifttoanewjob,andadapttoanewenvironmentrelativelyeasier,enterprisehastopayitsemployeemorepremiumstolethimstay,oritsinvestmentinspecializedassetscouldnotberecovered.Therefore,wederiveouressentialhypothesis:employeesalaryishigherinenterpriseswithmorespecializedassets.Thenew“AccountingStandardforEnterprises”ofChinarequireslistedcompaniestodisclosedetailedinformationaboutstaffremunerationpayablessinceJanuary1st,2007,thisnewregulationprovidesuswithdataforempiricalanalysis.OurempiricalresearchonlistedcompaniesofShanghaiandShenzhenstockmarketssupportsourhypothesistosomeextent:whenemployeesalaryisnothigh(nomorethan80,000peryear,makingupabout75%ofthewholesample),employeesalaryishigherinenterpriseswithmorespecializedassets.Furthermore,wefindthatifweseparatenon-wage(welfareetal.)incomefromwageincome,thenthefollowingconclusionistrueinthewholesample:employeenon-wageincomeishigherinenterpriseswithmorespecializedassets.Ourconclusionsindicatethatsalarycontractcouldbecomplicatedtoemployee:whensalaryisnothigh,totalsalaryandnon-wagesalaryincreaseswhenspecializedassetsareinvestedin;whensalaryishigh,onlynon-wagesalaryincreaseswhenspecializedassetsareinvestedin.Onepossiblereasonforthisphenomenonisthatwageincomeisrestrictedwhenitisathighlevel.Wealsopayattentiontotheeffectofinstitutionalenvironmentontheaboveempiricalresults,andwefindthat:(1)Thepositiverelationbetweenassetspecificityandemployeesalaryisstrongerinindustrieswhereproductmarketcompetitionismoreintense;(2)Thepositiverelationbetweenassetspecificityandemployeesalaryisstrongerinareaswherelabormarketiswelldeveloped.Inthisarticle,wesetupatheoreticalframeworktoanalyzedeterminantmechanismofnon-managerialemployeesalarycontractbasedonAssetSpecificityTheory,whichisapartofPropertyRightsEconomics,andourempiric