Qin-and-Han秦汉历史英文介绍

QinDynastyAndHanDynastyQinDynasty(221BC--206BC)TheQinDynasty(Chinese:秦朝;pinyin:QínCháo̯)wasthefirstrulingdynastyofImperialChina,lastingfrom221to206BC.TheQinstatederiveditsnamefromitsheartlandofQin,inmodern-dayShaanxi.TheQinDynastyachievedincreasedtrade,improvedagriculture,andmilitarysecurity.Duetotheabolitionoflandowninglordsandsystemofenfeoffment,thecentralgovernmentnowhaddirectcontrolofthemasses,givingitaccesstoamuchlargerworkforce.Thisallowedfortheconstructionofambitiousprojects,suchasawallonthenorthernborder,nowknownastheGreatWallofChina.QinDynastyC:\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator\桌面\1HISTROY\9秦朝.jpgSymbolsinQinC:\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator\桌面\1HISTROY\10秦朝图案.jpgLiSiTheQinDynastyalsointroducedseveralreforms:currency,weightsandmeasureswerestandardized,andabettersystemofwritingwasestablished.Foundedthesystemofprefecturesandcounties,whichisapreformofChinesesystemofprovinces.周制1升合今制19.9毫升赵制1升合今制21.1毫升魏制1升合今制71.4毫升齐制1升合今制16.4毫升秦制1升合今制20.0毫升战国各国量器容积比较Anattempttopurgealltracesoftheolddynastiesledtotheinfamousburningofbooksandburyingofscholarsincident,whichhasbeencriticisedgreatlybysubsequentscholars.XuFuexpedition'sfortheelixiroflifeQinShiHuangQinShiHuang(秦始皇)(259BC–210BC),personalnameYingZheng(嬴政),waskingoftheChineseStateofQinfrom246BCto221BCduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.HebecamethefirstemperorofaunifiedChinain221BC.Heruleduntilhisdeathin210BCattheageof49.TheSystemofLaw韩非,李斯;以法治国酷刑:膑，刖，宫，榜掠，腰斩，枭首，弃市，戳尸，坑死，凿颠，抽胁，镬烹，车裂，夷三族等。云梦秦简;云梦秦律五德始终说封禅大典QinShiHuangisapivotalfigureinChinesehistory.AfterunifyingChina,heandhischiefadvisorLiSipassedaseriesofmajoreconomicandpoliticalreforms.Heundertookgiganticprojects,includingthefirstversionoftheGreatWallofChina,thenowfamouscity-sizedmausoleumguardedbyalife-sizedTerracottaArmy,andamassivenationalroadsystem,allattheexpenseofnumerouslives.TheQinDynastydidnotlastlong.Despiteitsrapidend,theQinDynastyinfluencedfutureChineseregimes,particularlytheHan.terracottawarriorsC:\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator\桌面\1HISTROY\11terracottawarriors.jpgterracottawarriorsEpangpalaceSouthwardexpansionIn214BC,QinShiHuangsecuredhisboundariestothenorthwithafraction(100,000men)ofhislargearmy,andsentthemajority(500,000men)ofhisarmysouthtoconquertheterritoryofthesoutherntribes.PriortotheeventsleadingtoQindominanceoverChina,theyhadgainedpossessionofmuchofSichuantothesouthwest.SouthwardexpansionTheQinarmywasunfamiliarwiththejungleterrain,anditwasdefeatedbythesoutherntribes'guerrillawarfaretacticswithover100,000menlost.However,inthedefeatQinwassuccessfulinbuildingacanaltothesouth,whichtheyusedheavilyforsupplyingandreinforcingtheirtroopsduringtheirsecondattacktothesouth.Buildingonthesegains,theQinarmiesconqueredthecoastallandssurroundingGuangzhou,andtooktheprovincesofFuzhouandGuilin.TheystruckasfarsouthasHanoi.Afterthesevictoriesinthesouth,QinShiHuangmovedover100,000prisonersandexilestocolonizethenewlyconqueredarea.CampaignsagainsttheXiongnuHowever,whiletheempireattimeswasextendedtothenorth,theQincouldrarelyholdontothelandforlong.Thetribesoftheselocations,collectivelycalledtheHubytheQin,werefreefromChineseruleduringthemajorityofthedynasty.ProhibitedfromtradingwithQindynastypeasants,theXiongnutribelivingintheOrdosregioninnorthwestChinaoftenraidedtheminstead,promptingtheQintoretaliate.CampaignsagainsttheXiongnuAfteramilitarycampaignledbyGeneralMengTian,theregionwasconqueredin215BCandagriculturewasestablished;thepeasants,however,werediscontentedandlaterrevolted.ThesucceedingHandynastyalsoexpandedintotheOrdosduetooverpopulation,butdepletedtheirresourcesintheprocess.GeneralMengTianZhaoGaoandHuHaiChenSheng:DazeVillageUprisingDomesticlifeofQinEtymologyofChinaThename'Qin'(pronouncedas'Chin')isbelievedtobetheetymologicalancestorofthemodern-dayEuropeannameofthecountry,China.ThewordprobablymadeitswayintotheIndo-Aryanlanguagesfirstas'Cina'or'Sina'andthenintoGreekandLatinas'Sinai'or'Thinai'.ItwasthentransliteratedintoEnglishandFrenchas'China'and'Chine'.Thisetymologyisdismissedbysomescholars,whosuggestthat'Sina'inSanskritevolvedmuchearlierbeforetheQindynasty.EtymologyofChina'Jin'(pronouncedas'Zhin'),astatecontrolledbytheZhoudynastyinseventhcenturyBC,isanotherpossibleorigin.OthersarguedforthestateofJing(荆,anothernameforChu),aswellotherpolitiesintheearlyperiodasthesourceofthename.SovereignsofQindynastyThebattleofChuandHanHanDynasty(206BCE–220CE)TheHanDynasty(simplifiedChinese:汉朝;pinyin:HànCháo;206BCE–220CE)wasthesecondimperialdynastyofChina,precededbytheQinDynasty(221–206BCE).EmperorGaozuofHanMapofHanDynastyHanDynasty(206B.C.-A.D.220)andtheSilkRoadLiuBangestablishedthepowerfulHanDynastyin206B.C.DuringtheHanDynasty,agriculture,handicraftsandcommerceflourished,andthepopulationreached50million.EmperorWuofHanEmperorWuofHan(simplifiedChinese:汉武帝;pinyin:Hànwǔdì),wastheseventhemperoroftheHanDynastyofChina,rulingfrom141BCto87BC.EmperorWuisbestrememberedforthevastterritorialexpansionthatoccurredunderhisreign,aswellasthestrongandcentralizedConfucianstateheorganized.DongZhongshuDuringhisreign(140-87