Silk-Road(丝绸之路)

丝绸之路SilkRoadOpenupanewstartingpointtoseeknewpowerTobuildthesilkroadcultureeconomicbeltDirectoryBackground01Historythe02Maritimesilkroad03Summary04Significanteffect05Route06SummaryTheBeltandRoadInitiative(BRI),alsoknownastheOneBeltOneRoad(OBOR)ortheSilkRoadEconomicBeltandthe21st-centuryMaritimeSilkRoad,isadevelopmentstrategyadoptedbytheChinesegovernmentinvolvinginfrastructuredevelopmentandinvestmentsin152countriesandinternationalorganizationsinEurope,Asia,MiddleEast,LatinAmericaandAfrica.SummaryThePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,XiJinping,originallyannouncedthestrategyduringofficialvisitstoIndonesiaandKazakhstanin2013.Beltreferstotheoverlandroutesforroadandrailtransportation,calledtheSilkRoadEconomicBelt;whereasroadreferstothesearoutes,orthe21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad.Until2016theinitiativewasofficiallyknowninEnglishastheOneBeltandOneRoadinitiativebuttheofficialnamewaschangedastheChinesegovernmentconsideredtheemphasisonthewordonepronetomisinterpretation.TheChinesegovernmentcallstheinitiativeabidtoenhanceregionalconnectivityandembraceabrighterfuture.SomeobserversseeitasapushforChinesedominanceinglobalaffairswithaChina-centeredtradingnetwork.OneBeltAndOneRoadhistory01/TheoverlandsilkroadItreferstothewesternhandynasty(202BC--8BC)whenemperorwuofthehandynastysentzhangqiantoexplorethewesternregions,startingfromthecapitalchang'an(nowxi'an),andreachingtheMediterraneanSeavialiangzhou,jiuquan,guazhou,dunhuang,centralAsiancountries,Afghanistan,Iran,IraqandSyria,withRomeastheterminalpoint.Thetotallengthis6,440km.ThisroadisconsideredtobetheintersectionoftheancienteasternandwesterncivilizationsthatlinkedAsiaandEurope,andsilkisthemostrepresentativecargo.Ancienthistory/ThemaritimesilkroadThemaritimesilkroadItreferstotheseapassageforeconomicandculturalexchangesbetweenancientChinaandotherpartsoftheworld,whichwasfirstopenedintheqinandhandynasties.Startingfromthecoastalcitiesofguangzhou,quanzhou,ningboandyangzhou,themaritimesilkroadofmaritimetradefromthesouthernoceantotheArabianseaandevenasfarastheeastcoastofAfricaAncienthistoryInordertodistinguishitfromthetraditionalSilkRoad,thismaritimetraderoutelinkingtheEastandWestwasgiventhename'SilkRoadontheSea'byaJapanesescholarin1967.ThetwomostfavoredcoursesfollowedbytradeshipswerethoseoftheEastChinaandSouthChinaSeaRoutes.MaritimesilkroadKaiyuanTempleinQuanzhouisthestartingplaceofMaritimeSilkRoad.TheEastChinaSeaRouteenjoysalonghistoryofabout3,000years.ItwasduringtheZhouDynastythatJiZi,acourtofficial,wassentonajourneyeast,settingofffromShangdongPeninsula'sBohaiGulfandnavigatinghiswayacrosstheYellowSea,whichledtotheintroductionofsericiculture(silkwormfarming),filatureandsilkspinningintoKorea.WhenEmperorQinShiHuangunitedChina,manyChinesefledtoKoreaandtookwiththemsilkwormsandbreedingtechnology.ThisspedupthedevelopmentofsilkspinninginKorea.ThesenewskillsandthetechnologiesweresubsequentlyintroducedintoJapanduringtheHanDynasty.SincetheTangDynasty,thesilksproducedbyJiangsuandZhejiangProvincesweredirectlyshippedtoJapan.ManyJapaneseenvoysandmonkswerealsoabletotraveltoChang'an(nowXian)alongthissearoute.EastChinaSeaRoute一带一路Guangzhourepresentedthestarting-pointoftheSouthChinaSeaRoute,whichextendedacrosstheIndianOceanandthenontovariouscountriessituatedaroundthePersianGulf.Thetypesgoodsdispatchedfortradeconsistedmainlyofsilk,chinaandtea,whileimportedmerchandiseincludedavarietyofspices,flowersandgrasses–henceitbeingcommonlyreferredtoasthesea's'ChinaRoad'andthesea's'FlavorRoad'.OversightOversightTheroutewasfirstusedintheQinandHanDynasties,andincreasedinpopularityfromtheThreeKingdomsPeriod(220-280)totheSuiDynasty(581–618).UpuntiltheTangDynastyAnshiRebellions(755–762),thisroutewasviewedasasecondaryalternativetotheSilkRoad,Howeverinthelatterhalfoftheeighthcentury,owingtothescourgeofwarsinthevastWesternRegions,tradevolumesalongtheMaritimeSilkRoadboomedasthoseonitsoverlandcounterpartsteadilydeclinedFirstly,ItcanconsolidatethebasisofcooperationbetweenChinaandCentralAsiaandSoutheastAsia.SignificanceSecondly,tworadiationeffectsaregraduallyformed.TheMaritimeSilkRoadEconomicZonecangraduallyradiatetoSouthAsiaandAfricaandexpandChina'sinfluence.ItisalsoconducivetotheformationofnewEurasiantradechannelsandeconomicdevelopmentzones.SignificanceThird,ItmakesefforttoacceleratereformandopeningupinthecentralandWesternregions.TheconstructionofSilkRoadEconomicBeltcanbecomethemainengineofexpandingtheopeningupofthecentralandwesternregionsandbuildingtheeconomicupgradingversionofthecentralandWesternregions.SignificanceTheLeadingGroupforAdvancingtheDevelopmentofOneBeltOneRoadwasformedsometimeinlate2014,anditsleadershipline-uppublicizedonFebruary1,2015.ThissteeringcommitteereportsdirectlyintotheStateCouncilofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandiscomposedofseveralpoliticalheavyweights,evidenceoftheimportanceoftheprogramtothegovernment.ThenVice-PremierZhangGaoli,whowasalsoamemberofthe7-manPolitburoStandingCommitteethen,wasnamedleaderofthegroup,withWangHuning,WangYang,YangJing,andYangJiechibeingnameddeputyleaders.InMarch2014,ChinesePr