基于PLC的工业机械手控制设计

四川信息职业技术学院毕业设计说明书(论文)第1页基于PLC的工业机械手控制设计专业：数控设备应用与维护姓名：向勇利指导教师：尹存涛摘要:在当今大规模制造业中，企业为提高生产效率，保障产品质量，普遍重视生产过程的自动化程度，工业机器人作为自动化生产线上的重要成员，逐渐被企业所认同并采用。工业机器人的技术水平和应用程度在一定程度上反映了一个国家工业自动化的水平，目前，工业机器人主要承担着焊接、喷涂、搬运以及堆垛等重复性并且劳动强度极大的工作，工作方式一般采取示教再现的方式。机械手是模仿着人手部的部分动作，按照给定程序、轨迹和要求通过PLC系统控制实现自动抓取、搬运或操作的自动机械装置。关键词：工业机械手；控制；PLC四川信息职业技术学院毕业设计说明书(论文)第I页目录第1章PLC简介·······································································································11.1PLC的定义··········································································································11.2PLC的由来及发展·································································································21.3PLC的特点及用途·································································································31.4PLC的主要技术指标······························································································41.5总体控制系统框图································································································15第2章工业机械手简介·····························································································162.1机械手的定义与分类·····························································································162.2机械手应用及组成结构··························································································162.3机械手的发展趋势································································································182.4机械手的工程应用································································································182.5机械手设计的要求及意义·······················································································19第3章机械手的设计方案··························································································213.1结构示意图·········································································································213.2机械手的动作顺序································································································223.3PLC选型及I／O接线图························································································243.4PLCI／O地址分配表···························································································25第4章机械手PLC设计····························································································264.1自动控制程序的梯形图及说明·················································································264.2手动控制程序的梯形图及说明·················································································29结束语····················································································································31致谢·····················································································································33参考文献·················································································································34四川信息职业技术学院毕业设计说明书(论文)第1页第1章PLC简介1.1PLC的定义可编程控制器（ProgrammableLogicController）简称PLC，它具备了模拟量控制、过程控制以及远程通信等强大功能，所以美国电气制造商协会将其正式命名为可编程控制器（ProgrammableController）,简称PC。但是个人计算机（PersonalComputer）也简称PC，为了避免混淆，将用于逻辑控制的可编程控制叫做PLC（ProgrammableLogicController）.PLC是一种专门为在工业环境下应用而设计的数字运算操作的电子装置，它其实就是一台计算机，它采用可以编制程序的存储器，在其内部执行逻辑运算、顺序运算、计时、计数和算术运算等操作的指令，它以接入式CPU为核心，通过数字式或模拟式的输入和输出，控制各种类型的机械或生产过程。PLC及其有关的外围设备，都是很容易与工业控制系统形成一个整体，容易扩展其功能的。可编程控制器是一种工业现场用计算机。它是为工业环境下应用而设计的，工业环境一般办公环境有较大的区别。由于PLC的特殊构造，使它能在高粉尘、高噪音、强电磁干扰和温度变化剧烈的环境下正常工作。为了能控制机械或生产过程，它要能很容易的与工业控制系统形成一个整体，这些都是个人计算机无法比拟的。可编程控制器是一种通用的工业控制计算机。它能控制各种类型的工业设备及生产过程。它的功能能够很容易地扩展，它的程序是可以根据控制对象的不同，让使用者来编制的。也就是说，可编程控制器较其以前的工业控制计算机，如单片机工业控制系统，具有更大的灵活性，它可以方便地应用在各种场合。通过以上定义还可以了解到，相对一般意义上的计算机，可编程控制器不仅具有计算机的内核，它还配置了许多使其适用于工业控制的器件。它实质上是经过一次开发的工业控制计算机。从另一个方面来说，它是一种通用机，经过二次开发，它可以在任何具体的工业设备上使用。它在很大程度上使的工业自动化设计从专业设计院走进工厂和矿山，变成了普通工程技术人员甚至普通电气工人力所能及的工作。再加上体积小、工作可靠性高、抗干扰能力强、控制功能完善，适应性强，安四川信息职业技术学院毕业设计说明书(论文)第2页装接线简单等众多优点，可编程控制器在短短的30年中获得了突飞猛进的发展，在工业控制领域获得了非常广泛的应用。1.2PLC的由来及发展1969年，美国数字设备公司（DEC）研制出第一台可编程序控制器（ProgrammableLogicController，简称PLC），在美国通用汽车公司的自动装配线上使用，取得了巨大的成功。20世纪70年代初出现了微处理器。人们很快将其引入可编程控制器，使PLC增加了运算、数据传送及处理等功能，成为真正具有计算机特征的工业控制装置。为了方便熟悉继电器、接触器系统的工程技术人员使用，可编程控制器采用和继电器电路图类似的梯形图作为主要编程语言，并将参加运算及处理的计算机存储元件都以继电器命名。因而人们称可编程控制器为微机技术和继电器常规控制概念相结合的产物。20世纪70年代中末期，可编程控制器进入了实用化发展阶段，计算机技术已全面引入可编程控制器中，使其功能发生了飞跃。更高的运算速度、超小型的体积、更可靠的工业抗干扰设计、模拟量运算、PID功能及极高的性价比奠定了它在现代工业中的地位。20世纪80年代初，可编程控制器在先进工业国家中已获得了广泛的应用。例如，在世界第一台可编程控制器的诞生地美国，1982年的统计数字显示，大量应用可编程控制器的工业厂家占美国重点工业行业厂家总数的82%，可编程控制器的应用数量已位于众多的工业自控设备之首。这个时期可编程控制器发展的特点是大规模、高速度、高性能、产品系列化。这标志着可编程控制器已步入成熟阶段。这个阶段的另一个特点是世界上生产可编程控制器的国家日益增多，产量日益上升。许多可编程控制器的生产厂家已闻名于全世界。20世纪末期，可编程控制器的发展特点是更加适应于现代工业控制的需要。从控制规模上来说，这个时期发展了大型机及超小型机；从控制能力上来说，诞生了各种各样的特殊功能单元，用于压力、温度、转速、位移等各式各样的控制场合；从产品的配套能力来说，生产了各种人机界面单元，通讯单元，使应用可编程控制器的工业控制设备的配套更加容易。目前，可编程控制器在机械制造、石油化工、冶金钢铁、汽车、轻工业等领域的应用都的到了长足的发展。四川信息职业技术学院毕业设计说明书(论文)第3页1.3PLC的特点及用途1.3.1PLC具有以下几个主要特点一、可靠性高、抗干扰能力强高可靠性是电气控制设备非常关键的性能。PLC由于采用大规模集成电路技术、严格的生产工艺，内部电路采取了输入输出信号的光电隔离、滤波、电源的屏蔽、稳压和保护、故障诊断等先进的抗干扰技术，具有很高的可靠性，它能在高粉尘、高噪音、强电磁干扰和温暖变化剧烈的环境下正常工作。PLC的平均无故障时间可高达5~10万小时以上。从PLC的机外电路来说，PLC构成控制系统，和同等规模的继电接触器系统相比，电气接线及开关接点已减少到数百甚至数千分之一，故障率也就大大降低。二、功能完善、应用领域广到现在为