一、语态概述语态是动词的一种形式,表示句子之中主语和谓语动词的关系.英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者(或执行者)eg:ManypeoplespeakChinese.谓语:speak的动作是由主语manypeople来执行的.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象.eg:Chineseisspokenbymanypeople.主语English是动词speak的承受者.二、被动语态的构成被动语态由助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成.人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的.(被动语态的否定式和疑问式均由助动词或第一个助动词构成.)各种时态的被动语态构成:1.一般现在时:am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词I'maskedtotakecareofmyself.Footballisplayedallovertheworld2.一般过去时:was/were+及物动词的过去分词Thishousewasbuiltin1958.Hislegwasbrokeninanaccident.3.一般将来时:will/shallbe+及物动词的过去分词Morefactorieswillbebuiltinourcity.Hewillbetakentohospitaltomorrow.4.现在进行时:am/is/arebeing+及物动词的过去分词.Aroadisbeingbuiltaroundthemountain.Manynewhousesarebeingbuiltinthiscity5.过去进行时:was/werebeing+及物动词的过去分词hemeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere.Wewerebeingtrainedthistimelastyear.6.现在完成时:have/hasbeen+及物动词的过去分词Hisbookhasbeentranslatedintomanyforeignlanguages.Thepricesofmanygoodshavebeencutagain.7.过去完成时:hadbeen+及物动词的过去分词Anewschoolhadbeensetupbytheendoflastyear.8.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词Therubbishcanbeputintothedustbinoverthere.三、被动语态的基本用法一般来说,在我们日常生活中,能用主动语态的时候就尽量不去用被动语态.只有在下列情况中我们才用被动语态:1.不知道动作的执行者是谁.1).Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了.2).Thisbridgewasfoundedin1981.这座桥竣工于1981年.3).Thefrontwindowintheclassroomwasbrokenyesterday.昨天,教室的前窗被打2.没不要说出动作的执行者是谁.1).Thetime-tablehasbeenchanged.时间表已变动了2).Chinawasfoundedin1949.3.不愿意说出动作的执行者,其目的是为了使语言得体、圆滑等.在这种情况下,有时常用一些句式,如Itissaidthat…(据说……),Itisreportedthat…(据报道),Itiswellknownthat(众所周知……)Itissupposedthat(据推测说,Itisbelievedthat…大家相信,Itishopedthat…大家希望,Itisthoughtthat…大家认为,Itissuggestedthat…据建议等等.Itissaidthatsheisgoingtobemarriedtoaforeigner.据说她要嫁给一个外国人.Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.(=Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.)4.强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者.1).TheglasswasbrokenbyMike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的.2).hisbookwaswrittenbyhim.这本书是他写的.3).Yourhomeworkmustbefinishedontime.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成.注:使用被动语态的情况口诀:动作谁做的不知道,谁说出的不必要.接受动作需强调,用被动语态最为妙.四、主动语态变被动语态的方法:1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语.2.把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式).3.把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格.Heplanttreesinspring.Treesareplantedinspringbyhim.主动语态变被动语态口诀:宾语提前主语变,原主变宾by后见,时态人称be关键.Allthepeoplelaughedathim.→Hewaslaughedatbyallpeople.Theymakethebikesinthefactory.→Thebikesaremadebytheminthefactory.Hecutdownatree.→Atreewascutdownbyhim.被动语态中by+宾语的省略:被动语态句式中的by+宾语表示及物动词所表示动作的执行者,但是在遇到以下情况时,表示动作执行者by+宾语常常被省略.动作执行者不确定时Paperismadefromwood.Manypeoplearekilledintrafficaccidentseveryday.不必表明动作执行者时Englishisalsospokenasthesecondlanguageaswellasoneoftheofficiallanguages.Footballisplayedinmostschool.动作执行者为一般大众时.BothEnglishandSpanisharespokeninthisarea.Heismadethemonitoroftheclasstoday.五、主动语态变被动语态应注意的几个问题:谈谈几种特殊的被动结构1.当句子结构为主语+谓语+宾语(唯一宾语)时,把宾语提到句首做主语,然后把谓语改成被动语态形式,最后把原主语变为宾格至于介词by之后.实际运用中by短语常被省略.Wefinishourhomeworkintheevening.Ourhomeworkisfinishedintheevening.2.当句子结构为主语+谓语+间接宾语(表示人的)+直接宾语(表示物的)时,一般把间接宾语变为主语,而直接宾语不变,这样句子显得自然些.如果把直接宾语作为主语,那么在间接宾语前应加介词to或for.Shesentmeanovelonmybirthday.(主动)→Iwassentanovelonmybirthday.(被动)Anovelwassenttomeonmybirthday.(被动)Mybrotherboughtmeawatchyesterday.(主动)→Iwasboughtawatchyesterday.(被动)Awatchwasboughtformebymybrotheryesterday.(被动)注意:1).间接宾语前需要加for的动词buy,sing,catch,find,get,drow,cook,keep,make,offer等.2).间接宾语前需要加to的动词bring,give,pass,hand,leave,show,write,take,teach,tell,thow,lend,send,return等3).当句子结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语把主动态变成被动态时,只需将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态句子的主语,而原句里的宾语补足语现在就变成被动态句子的主语补足语了Theyaskedmetohelpthem.→Iwasaskedtohelpthem.Nowpeoplecanusecomputerstohelpthem→.Computerscanbeusedtohelpthem.Wemustkeeptheroomclean.→Theroommustbekeptclean.Wesawthemcomingover.→Theywereseencomingover.如果复合宾语是由宾语+不带to的动词不定式构成,变为被动语态时,动词不定式前的to要补出来.常见的这类动词有:一感(feel),二听(hear,listento)三让(let,make,have)四看(watch,see,notice,observe,+lookat)但动词为let时,to仍可省略.Thestorymadeuslaugh.→Weweremadetolaughbythestory.Theteacherletthelittleboygohome.→Thelittleboywaslet(to)gohome.4).含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动语态变成被动语态时,由情态动词+be+过去分词构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后to仍要保留.Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.→Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.Theyshoulddoitatonce.→Itshouldbedoneatonce.Therubbishcanbeputintothedustbinoverthere.5).短语动词的被动语态:一般说来,只有及物动词才有被动语态,但许多不及物动词+副词或介词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,也可以有被动语态,但变被动语态后,不可把介词或副词漏掉.Heturnedontheradiojustnow.→Theradiowasturnedonjustnow.Theytakegoodcareofthebabies.→Thebabiesaretakencareof.Theylookafterthebabies.→Thebabiesarelookedafter.6).含有宾语从句的主动语态改为被动语态时,有两种改写方法:用it做被动语态的形式主语,宾语从句保持不变.将主动句中的宾语从句的主语改为被动语态的主语,从句的谓语部分变为不定式.这时的动词不定式所用的形式要与原来的宾语从句保持一致.Theysaythatourteacherisbusythesedays.→Itissaidthatourteacherisbusythesedays.Ourteacherissaidtobebusythesedays.7).如果原句宾语有后置定语修饰,变为被动语态时,应把后置修饰语随同宾语一同提前.Wecleanthewindowsofourclassroomeveryday.→Thewindowsofourclassroomarecleanedeveryday.8).如果原句主语不是动作的执行者,而是所使用的物质材料,变被动语态时要用介词withSmokefilledtheroom.→Theroomwasfilledwithsmoke.9).by短语的取舍:当主动句中的主语是people,one,we,they等泛指性动词时,变为被动语态后,by短语通常省略.Eg:weoftenspeakEnglishinourEnglishclass.→Englishisoftenspoken(byus)inourEnglishclass当主动句中是who,what,which等做主语,变被动语态后句首的疑问词在句中的成分由原来的主语变为介词by的宾语,应注意介词by不能丢.Whowrotethebook?→whowasthebookwrittenby?需要强调动作的执行时,by短语不能省略.unclewangmadethekit