IEEE00811983MeasuringEarthResistivityGround

iANSI/IEEEStd81-1983(RevisionofIEEEStd81-1962)AnAmericanNationalStandardIEEEGuideforMeasuringEarthResistivity,GroundImpedance,andEarthSurfacePotentialsofaGroundSystemSponsorPowerSystemInstrumentationandMeasurementsCommitteeoftheIEEEPowerEngineeringSocietyApprovedSeptember17,1981IEEEStandardsBoardApprovedSeptember4,1984AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute©Copyright1983byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc345East47thStreet,NewYork,NY10017,USANopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedinanyform,inanelectronicretrivalsystemorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.CopyrightTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.ProvidedbyIHSunderlicensewithIEEEDocumentprovidedbyIHSLicensee=FluorCorpnoFPPPVperadministrator/usenewu/2110503106,User=AHESPINOZA,07/22/200411:00:31MDTQuestionsorcommentsaboutthismessage:pleasecalltheDocumentPolicyGroupat--````,,,,`,`,`,,,`,,``,``,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---iiIEEEStandardsdocumentsaredevelopedwithintheTechnicalCommitteesoftheIEEESocietiesandtheStandardsCoordinatingCommitteesoftheIEEEStandardsBoard.Membersofthecommitteesservevoluntarilyandwithoutcompensation.TheyarenotnecessarilymembersoftheInstitute.ThestandardsdevelopedwithinIEEErepresentaconsensusofthebroadexpertiseonthesubjectwithintheInstituteaswellasthoseactivitiesoutsideofIEEEwhichhaveexpressedaninterestinparticipatinginthedevelopmentofthestandard.UseofanIEEEStandardiswhollyvoluntary.TheexistenceofanIEEEStandarddoesnotimplythattherearenootherwaystoproduce,test,measure,purchase,market,orprovideothergoodsandservicesrelatedtothescopeoftheIEEEStandard.Furthermore,theviewpointexpressedatthetimeastandardisapprovedandissuedissubjecttochangebroughtaboutthroughdevelopmentsinthestateoftheartandcommentsreceivedfromusersofthestandard.EveryIEEEStandardissubjectedtoreviewatleastonceeveryfiveyearsforrevisionorreaffirmation.Whenadocumentismorethanfiveyearsold,andhasnotbeenreaffirmed,itisreasonabletoconcludethatitscontents,althoughstillofsomevalue,donotwhollyreflectthepresentstateoftheart.UsersarecautionedtochecktodeterminethattheyhavethelatesteditionofanyIEEEStandard.CommentsforrevisionofIEEEStandardsarewelcomefromanyinterestedparty,regardlessofmembershipaffiliationwithIEEE.Suggestionsforchangesindocumentsshouldbeintheformofaproposedchangeoftext,togetherwithappropriatesupportingcomments.Interpretations:Occasionallyquestionsmayariseregardingthemeaningofportionsofstandardsastheyrelatetospecificapplications.WhentheneedforinterpretationsisbroughttotheattentionofIEEE,theInstitutewillinitiateactiontoprepareappropriateresponses.SinceIEEEStandardsrepresentaconsensusofallconcernedinterests,itisimportanttoensurethatanyinterpretationhasalsoreceivedtheconcurrenceofabalanceofinterests.ForthisreasonIEEEandthemembersofitstechnicalcommitteesarenotabletoprovideaninstantresponsetointerpretationrequestsexceptinthosecaseswherethematterhaspreviouslyreceivedformalconsideration.Commentsonstandardsandrequestsforinterpretationsshouldbeaddressedto:Secretary,IEEEStandardsBoard345East47thStreetNewYork,NY10017USACopyrightTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.ProvidedbyIHSunderlicensewithIEEEDocumentprovidedbyIHSLicensee=FluorCorpnoFPPPVperadministrator/usenewu/2110503106,User=AHESPINOZA,07/22/200411:00:31MDTQuestionsorcommentsaboutthismessage:pleasecalltheDocumentPolicyGroupat--````,,,,`,`,`,,,`,,``,``,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---iiiForeword(ThisForewordisnotapartofIEEEStd81-1983,IEEEGuideforMeasuringEarthResistivity,GroundImpedance,andEarthSurfacePotentialsofaGroundSystem.)Inordertoincreaseitspracticalusefulness,thisguidehasbeendividedintotwoparts.PartI,NormalMeasurements,coversthemajorityoffieldmeasurementswhichdonotrequirespecialhigh-precisionequipmentandmeasuringtechniques,andwhichdonotencounterunusualdifficultiessuchasmaybefoundwithextensivegroundingsystems,abnormallyhighstrayacordecurrents,etc.PartIhasbeenextensivelyrevisedandupdated.PartII,SpecialMeasurements,istobecompletedinthefuture.Thispartisintendedtodescribethemethodsofmeasurementsapplicablewhenunusualdifficultiesmakenormalmeasurementseitherimpracticalorinaccurate.Verylargepowerstationgroundgridsandcounterpoisesoftransmissionlinesareexamplesofsuchgroundingsystems.ThisguidewaspreparedbytheEarthResistivity,GroundImpedance,andEarthSurfacePotential,MeasurementWorkingGroupoftheRLCSubcommittee,PowerSystemInstrumentationandMeasurementsCommittee.Theworkinggroup'smembersatthetimetheguidewaspreparedwere:D.Mukhedkar,ChairF.Dawalibi,SecretaryG.Y.R.AllenM.J.AnnaE.B.Curdts†R.D.CrosierW.K.DickW.G.FinneyJ.L.Hayes†R.HallR.J.HehJ.F.LaidigA.C.LegatesR.MalewskiH.C.RambergB.StanleighF.P.Zupa†DeceasedW.J.Lyon(Liaisonmemberwith80-1976.)W.K.Switzer(LiaisonwithSubstationsCommittee.)WhentheIEEEStandardsBoardapprovedthisstandardonSeptember17,1981,ithadthefollowingmembership:I.N.Howell,Jr,ChairIrvingKolodny,ViceChairSaraI.Sherr,SecretaryG.Y.R.AllenJ.J.ArchambaultJ.H.BeallJ.T.BoettgerEdwardChelottiEdwardJ.CohenLenS.CoreyJayForsterKurtGreeneLoeringM.JohnsonJosephL.KoepfingerJ.E.MayDonaldT.Michael*J.P.RiganatiF.R