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IELTSTest1Listening1I'mringingjusttomakeenquiriesaboutrentingahouse.2whatsortofpricewereyouthinkingof?3Andagaragepushesuptheprice.4No,I'msorrywedon'thaveanyavailabilitiesforThursday.5whataboutadeposit?that'sonemonth'srent,whatevertheamountis.6couldyoutellmehowicangetholdofadoctor?7anyway,theyworkinthingscalledpractices.8whenthedoctorseesyou,hegivesyouaprescription.hewriteswhatmedicationyouneedonitandyoutakeittoachemist'sshop.there'soneoppositethecenter.9ialsofounditfrustratingtohavesofewteachingresources,butididdecidetostayandintheendiextendedmytourtoathirdyear.10andyouwantedtoseethingsthrough?11today'shealthcounselispresentedbyPaulaClayburg,whoisthechiefcounselloratLiverpool'sfamouspainclinic.12Theyallsufferfromchronicbackpain.13themostrecentavailablefiguresshowthataboutaquarterofamillionpeopleareincapacitatedwithbackpaineveryday.14butofcoursethatstartsupaviciouscircle.15now,let'slookatsomeofthereasonswhybackpainisdevelopingintosuchauniquemenace.16researchshowsthattheyoftengointospasm,whichcausesfurthertwistingofspine.17somuchforthecausesandaggravationsofpain.18studieshaveshownthatjustonehoursittinginaslouchedpositioncanstrainligamentsinthebackwhichcantakemonthstoheal.19ifyourbeddoesn'tgiveenoughsupport,backmusclesandligamentsworkallnighttryingtocorrectspinalalignment,soyouwakeupwithatiredachingback.Reading1theconceptoftherocket,orratherthemechanismbehindtheideaofpropellinganobjectintotheair,hasbeenaroundforwellovertwothousandyears.2notonlydiditsolveaproblemthathadintriguedmanforages,butmoreimportantly,itliterallyopenedthedoortoexplorationoftheuniverse.3despitethefactthatrocketshadbeenusedsporadicallyforseveralhundredyears.theyremainedarelativelyminorartefactofcivilizationuntilthetwentiethcentury.4prodigiousefforts,acceleratedduringtwoworldwars,wererequiredbeforethetechnologyofprimitiverocketrycouldbetranslatedintotherealityofsophisticatedastronauts.5transporttheirheroestomysteriousrealmsbeyondtheearth.6asimpleanalogycanhelpustounderstandhowarocketoperates.7amachinegunmountedontherearofaboat.8theinventionofrocketsislinkedinextricablywiththeinventionofblackpowder.9blackpowderwasfirstcompoundedfromitsbasicingredientsofsaltpetre,charcoalandsulphur.10theChinesereliedonthistypeoftechnologicaldevelopmenttoproduceincendiaryprojectilesofmanysorts,explosivegrenadesandpossiblycannonstorepeltheirenemies.11priortothis,rocketswereusedonlyinpyrotechnicdisplays.12theBritishrocketdifferedfromtheIndianversioninthatitwascompletelyencasedinstout,ironcylinder.13sincethen,therehavebeenhugedevelopmentsinrockettechnology,oftenwithdevastatingresultsintheformofwar.14ithasbeencalculatedthat17percentofcasesoflungcancercanbeattributedtohighlevelsofexposuretosecond-handtobaccosmokeduringchildhoodandadolescence.15carbonmonoxide,forexample,competeswithoxygeninredbloodcellsandinterferedwiththeblood'sabilitytodeliverlife-givingoxygentotheheart.16anintendingresearcher&apotentialresearcher17sense→sensor→sensorysensorydata18themythisthatfromadisorderlyarrayoffactualinformationanorderly,relevanttheorywillsomehowemerge.19deduction→deductive&induction→inductive20hypothesesprovidetheinitiativeandincentivefortheinquiryandinfluencetheworld.21hypothesesarisebyguesswork,orbyinspiration,buthavingbeenformulatedtheycanandmustbetestedrigorously,usingtheappropriatemethodology.22holisticanalysis&holistictherapyTest2Listening1Youmayfeelthatyourgrantisinsufficienttoseeyouthroughcollegelife.2thesetestsarecompiledbyexperts.3soithinkyoushouldbereadyfortoday’stutorialonmacthingthepersontothejob.4Iencouragedthemtomakeasmall-scale,three-dimensionalhatfirstsothattheycouldexperimentwithhowtoachievetheformtheyrequired.5Iimposedcertainconstraintsonthemtokeepthingssimple.6paperismorepliableandeasiertohandle.Reading1Australia’snativedungbeetlesarescrubandwoodlanddwellers,specialisingincoarsemarsupialdroppingsandavoidingthesoftcattledunginwhichbushfliesandbuffalofliesbreed.2ofthe26speciesthatareknowntohavebecomesuccessfullyintegratedintothelocalenvironment.3dungbeetlesworkfromtheinsideofthepatsotheyareshelteredfrompredatorssuchasbirdsandfoxes。4mostspeciesburrowintothesoilandburydungintunnelsdirectlyunderneaththepats,whicharehollowedoutfromwithin.5somelargespeciesoriginatingfromFranceexcavatetunnelstoadepthofapproximately30cmbelowthedungpat.6oncethebeetlelarvaehavefinishedpupation,theresidueisafirst-ratesourceoffertilizer.7withoutthebeetlestodisposeofthedung,cowpatswouldlitterpasturesmakinggrassinedibletocattleanddeprivingthesoilofsunlight.8thisamountsto1.7milliontonnesayear,enoughtosmotherabout111,000sqkmofpasture,halftheareaofvictoria.9inescapable&inextricable&inevitabletheroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.10subsidise&subsidy&theyactuallysubsidisetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.11scrap&scrubscrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus.12higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizers.13aggravate&exacerbatemoreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiod