lecture-14-15

Lecture14and15PassiveVoiceDefinitionVoice:ActiveVoice:subjectistheagente.g.:Theboybrokethewindow.PassiveVoice:subjectistheobjecte.g.:Thewindowwasbrokenbytheboy.TwotypesofpassivevoiceBe-passiveGet-passiveObservethefollowingsentences1.ThousandsofpeoplegotkilledintheIndianOceanTsunami.2.Hehadexpectedtogetthereontimebuthegotdelayedbyatrafficjam.3.Hisboldideaabouttheoriginofhumanlifehadbroughtaboutgreatcriticismfromthepublic.Afterhislifetimestruggle,hisideafinallygotrecognized.Youmayuseget-passivewhen:themainverbisadynamicone.youintendtostresstheunexpectednessoftheevent.youintendtolaystressontheresultoftheaction,oftenaccompaniedbysuchexpressionsas“intheend”,“eventually”,“atlast”,etc.Transformationfromactivevoicetopassivevoice1SVO（主动宾）：ShakespearewroteHamlet．→HamletwaswrittenbyShakespeare．2SVOC（主动宾补）：Peopleprovedhimwrong．→Hewasprovedwrong．3SVoO（主动宾宾）：Myfathergavemethiswatch．→Iwasgiventhiswatch（bymyfather）．→Thiswatchwasgiven（to）mebymyfatherTransformationfromactivevoicetopassivevoice4Modalauxiliaryverb+infinitiveTheywillsendhimtoschoolonMonday．→HewillbesenttoschoolonMonday．Theyusedtostarttheseenginesbyhand．→Theseenginesusedtobestartedbyhand．5semi-auxiliaryverb+infinitiveJohnseemstolikeMaryverymuch．→MaryseemstobelikedverymuchbyJohn．VoiceConstraints11Somestativeverbsdonotoccurinthepassive：Ihaveabook．Helacksconfidence．2Transitiveverbswithreflexiveorreciprocalobjectsdonotpassivize:Hededicatedhimselftotherevolution．Wehelpeachother．3Phrasalverbsthathavingtheforceofanintransitiveverbcannevertakethepassive:Themedicinesoontakeeffect.Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincethen.VoiceConstraints24Sometransitiveverbsthattakeinfinitiveasobjectscannotbetransformedintopassivevoice:Iwanttowearittonight．*Towearittonightiswantedbyme．Incontrast,withsomeverbsonlythepassiveispossible:Iwasbornin1949．我生于1949年。Heissaidtobeagoodteacher．据说他是位好老师PassiveVoiceofphrasalverbsPhrasalverbsaremostlytreatedassingle-wordverbs,andboththeadverbparticleandtheprepositionshouldremainimmediatelyaftertheverb:We'vetalkedaboutthistopicendlessly．(V+prep.)→Thistopichasbeentalkedaboutendlessly．Theshopsputuptheprices．(V+adverbparticle)→Thepriceswereputup.Theyputupwiththeseinterruptions．(v+adverbparticle+prep.)→Theseinterruptionswereputupwith．Passivevoiceof“v+n+prep.”Therearetwopassivepossibilitiesforthe“v.+n.+prep.”combination:Helookgreatcareofhisbooks．主动宾→Hisbooksweretakengreatcareof.Hetookgreatcareofhisbooks．主动宾→Greatcarewastakenofhisbooks.Examplesof“v+n+prep.”combinationlay（special）emphasison“特别”把重点放在make（good）useof“很好”利用makefunof取笑makeamessof把……搞得一团糟make（too）muchof“过于”重视或充分利用pay（close）attentionto“密切”注意putanendto结束、废除take（full）advantageof“充分”利用take（good）careof“好好”照料、爱护take（careful）noteof“细心”注意到take（little）noticeof“很少”注意、理会Passivevoiceofnon-finiteverbs1PassiveinfinitiveForm:tobe+p.p;tohavebeen+p.pe.g.:Iamproudtobethuschosen.Itisimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.Passivevoiceofnon-finiteverbs2Passive–ingformForm:being+p.p;havingbeen+p.pe.g.:Theproblembeingdiscussedisofvitalimportance.Iinsistedonhim/hisbeinginvited.UsesofPassiveVoice1.Whenwearemoreinterestedintheeventitselfthanintheagente.g.:Wewilldealwiththismatterassoonaswecan.e.g.:Thismatterwillbedealtwithassoonaspossible.2.Whentheagentisunknownorwhenwewishtomakeastatementsoundimpersonale.g.:Thisbookhasalreadybeentranslatedintomanylanguages.e.g.:Aftermyspeech,IwasaskedtoexplainapointIhadmade.UsesofPassiveVoice3.Use“by+agent”tostressthedoeroftheactione.g.:--Thewindowwasbroken.--Bywhom?--(Thewindowwasbroken)bythelittleboy.4.Tostresstheobjectoftheactione.g.:Ourroofwasdamagedinthestormlastnight.e.g.:Mybagwasstolenyesterday.TwoRelatedTypesofPassivesentencesTypeI:Itissaidthatheisagoodworker．据说他是个好工人。Itisknownthat…大家知道／众所周知……Itis／wasreportedthat…据报告／据说……Itis／wasthoughtthat…大家认为……Itis／wasbelievedthat…据信／人们相信…TypeII:Heissaidtobeagoodworker.Transformationbetweentwotypesofpassivesentences1whenthepredicatorofthethat-clauseisawill-formorthepresentprogressivedenotingthefuture,theinfinitiveintypeIItakestheprogressiveform:Itisthoughtthatshewillcome．Itisthoughtthatshewillbecoming．Itisthoughtthatsheiscoming．→Sheisthoughttobecoming．IncasethemainverbintypeIisexpect,theinfinitiveintypeIItakesthesimpleforminsteadoftheprogressive:Itisexpectedthatshewillcome．→Sheisexpectedtocome．Transformationbetweentwotypesofpassivesentences2Whenthepredicatorofthethat-clauseisthesimplepresentdenotingapresenthabitualaction,theinfinitiveintypeIItakesthesimpleform：ItisthoughtthatJoedrivesbadly．→Joeisthoughttodrivebadly．3Whenthepredicatorofthethat-clauseisthepresentprogressivedenotingapresenthappening,theinfinitiveintypeIItakestheprogressiveform：ItisknownthatNispreparingforwar．→Nisknowntobepreparingforwar．Transformationbetweentwotypesofpassivesentences4Whenthepredicatorofthethat-clauseisthesimplepastorthepresentperfectivedenotingpasttime,theinfinitiveintypeIItakestheperfectiveform：Itisthoughtthathemadeamistake．→Heisthoughttohavemadeamistake．Itisthoughtt